Technology Essay -- Argumentative Technological Papers

TechnologyIn the following paper I am going to attempt to discuss the hindering effects of technology. How technology affects the laziness of our children, desensitizes our otherwise compassionate human race, and may eventually lead us to our doom. Also in this paper I lead attempt to discuss some benefits of modern technology as relating to family and communal prosperity. Since the invention of Eli Whitneys cotton gin back in the 1800s men have had their brains full moon steam ahead on the idea of technology and its advancement into our everyday lives. Leading us up to the present day where we can have a hot cooked neucro meal at the push of the button. Our music no longer has to be cranked by hand, in fact our latest CD players can accept up to a hundred CDs or more. So whats wrong with quick hot meals and hours of aural pleasure? To that I say nothing, but for example weve come up with these microwaveable dinners full of long unpronounceable words, and we start to feed these to our children nightly. Then after dinner the kiddies get into their un-smoged turbo diesel Benz and pop a CD into the player then(prenominal) they crank the music up to 90db. Ten years from now your kid is going to be nothing but a def ball of preservatives. What I am getting at is this, the advancement of technology only leads to an escalation of our demands for more wants and needs. Example Henry Ford makes a great car. Now-a-days we need a fast, provoke burning, back firing, confederate flag wavein, diesel truck. Ok so what most TV? Well, TV was a cool invention then we got color TV, then a remote for the TV, next surround sound, VCRs, video games (more remotes), and finally today, what do we have? Epileptic Japanimation.As I have pointed out, technology help... ...uge beneficial part these communities play in todays society. Being able to abide entire town meetings online is a likely next step. But with these electronic communities, I worry about our real community. I ju st hope while people online seem more than willing to help, that we dont lug to smile at passing strangers, or hold a door open for a woman with her infant. Because it has proven over time that as technology increases and we better our technology further, leading us to catch more dependant on our new machines and their shiny gadgets. I urge this Live your life to the fullest, enjoy what modern comforts we can provide, but dont forget to think about what life would be like without technology. We might actually have to meet our neighbors face to face Works Cited Holeton, Richard. Composing Cyberspace. San Francisco, California McGraw Hill, 1998

Intelligent Agents Essay -- Computer Science

Intelligent AgentsAbstractIntelligent Agents are software abstractions which potentially can make life easier and more productive for computer users. These agents are autonomous entities that can be asked to do tedious or complicated tasks for the user or unscramble the complexities of computer applications. some agents are based on the idea that the user need only specify a high-level goal instead of issuing explicit instructions, loss the how and when decisions to the agent 3. The agent either steps the user through the process at hand or goes off on its own and reports back with the call for information or completed task. Artificial Intelligence principles are used to program these agents.IntroductionThe modern computer era has brought with it a phenomenal pot of information. The internet in particular is comprised of far too much information for any one person to utilize. Therefore computer users must be open to use their time efficiently. One must be able to filter through all the information bringing back only pertinent, recent data quickly and easily. Also, as applications and hardware become more powerful and complicated, the user must be able to figure out how to master new tasks. These twain challenges can be made easier with the use of intelligent agents. One example would be the following A person wants to find a job in the computer industry as a programmer and decides to search the internet for available go downs. Without the use of intelligent agents, the person would spend hours searching for every position having to do with computers and programming. A search query would return thousands upon thousands of links that would have to be weeded through to find the ones that were pertinent. An ... ...be expertly guided through complicated procedures by these agents.BIBLIOGRAPHY1 http//www.networking.ibm.com/iag/iaghome.htm2 http//nittany.ca.sandia.gov8001/defs.html3 http//cyclone.cs.clemson.edu/mark/agents.html4 http//www.advtech.microsoft.c om/research/ui/persona/isbister.htm5 http//www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/STAFF/mike/ker95/ker95.html6 Maes, P. (1994b). Social interface agents Acquiring competence by learning from users and other agents. In Etzioni, O., editor, Software Agents - Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03), pages 71-78. AAAI Press.7 Newell, A. and Simon, H. A. (1976). Computer science as empirical enquiry. Communications of the ACM, 19113-126.8 Shoham, Y. (1990). Agent-oriented programming. Technical Report STAN-CS-1335-90, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305

A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Essay -- torvald, nora, christine

In Henrik Ibsens dramatic play A Dolls House there argon many characters that have gr have to be adults that they either do not wish to be or that they are evaluate to be. The character breakdown as the play goes from act to act is apparent. From a woman struggling to be the complete wife and baffle to a husband trying to be perfect and surround himself with people that are likewise we see that it is much harder to put on a mask to be something you are not.Nora Helmer is a simple woman. She is the mother to young children as well as an adoring wife to her husband Torvald. Nora is described by her husband as a spendthrift, a little featherhead, and a skylark. (Delbanco & Cheuse) These terms are used in a fashion to say that she is flighty, a dainty woman who shops and flits about with no care in the world. regular her friend Christine Linde tells her that she is immature and childish to the realities of the world. This is actu every(prenominal)y not a fair statement of Nora. She has already put forth a strong attitude when Torvald was ill. She gear up a way to get the monies needed to ensure that he got well. She may not have gone about it the legal way but she went to whatever lengths needed to ensure that the man she loved could get well. This was a step outside of the expectations of her. She has always been there to do whatever a man expected of her. Her father expected her to be there to take care of him and the household. Her husband took her in his home and expected the same of her. She was never sufficient to form her own person as someone else was always there telling her who to be and how to be it. Nora wants to be taken seriously and to learn how to be strong for herself. She realizes that she has been able to get this loan and has been paying i... ...ectations they are not happy but just being. By the end of the play there is some hope for all of them.Works CitedBrunnemer, K. (2009). Sexuality in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House. Retrieved 11 23 , 2013, from Blooms Literary Reference Online http//www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&WID=97972&SID=5&iPin=BLTHS004&SingleRecord=True.Delbanco, N., & Cheuse, A. (n.d.). Literature Craft and Voice. In H. Ibsen, A Dolls House (pp. 1346-48).Haller, E. (n.d.). Blooms Literature. Retrieved 11 23, 2013, from Facts on File http//www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&WID=97972&SID=5&iPin=ETL0595&SingleRecord=True.Metzger, S. (n.d.). An overview of A Dolls House. Retrieved 11 23, 2013, from Gale Literature Resource Center http//go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CH1420002305&v=2.1&u=txshracd2560&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w&asid=2a621898dc6a06a303d9c6015c7e4bd0

Nursing Ethics: Patient Abandonment Essay -- Nursing Case Study

This case study examines a case of an authorized practical nurse who became ill while about halfway through her shift and chose to go home. This practical nurse was assigned to care for five patients in an obstetrical ward, four of which were considered stable. The fifth patient was awaiting an obstetrical consultation when the LPN became ill and vomited. At this time, she notified the other nurses and, subsequently, the charge nurse that she needed to leave due to illness. The charge nurse instructed her to notify her supervisor prior to leaving the celerity however, the LPN chose not to do so and went home. Her reasoning in not notifying her supervisor as she was instructed was that she feared that the supervisor would ask her to go to the emergency room for care. The LPN testified that she did not want to pay for an emergency visit and that she intended to make an appointment with her family doctor early that same day. The facility terminated the LPNs contract and also reported her to the state board of nursing for patient abandonment. As a judgment, the board of nursing suspended here nursing license pending a psychological examination and fined her $1000 for abandoning her patients. In this paper, we will examine the viewpoints of the LPN, the charge nurse, and the nursing supervisor as they relate to the Nurse behave spiel and the board of nursing.While the art of nursing has been around for centuries, the United States enacted the first nursing laws in 1903. The first nursing acts where developed as a response to conflict between nursing roles and physician roles. nursing Practice Acts are enacted by each states legislature. Texas enacted the Nurse Practice Act in 1909. These acts are broad in regards to the practice of nursing, so the reg... ...ents needs and rights ahead of her own and ultimately do the right thing by her clients. Works CitedMcDonald, Mackay & Weitz, llp,(2009). The texas board of nursing. Retrieved from http//ww w.healthlicensedefense.com/nurseshtmlThe Texas Board of Nursing,(2009). Nursing practice act. Nursing peer review, nurse licensure compact, & advanced practice registered nurse compact. Austin, TXTexas Board of Nursing, . (2004, February 1). Rules and regulations. Retrieved from http//www.bne.state.tx.us/nursinglaw/rr.htmlWilson, N.R. (2011). Legal issues and the school nurse. Retrieved from http//staffweb.esc12.net/mbooth/school_nurses/New_Nurse_Orientation_Manual/Willson_Nancy_Roper_%20Legal%20Issues%20and%20the%20School_Nurse_7-14-091.pdfWright, L.D. (2011, February 8). Nursing jurisprudence. Retrieved from http//www.nursing-jurisprudence.com/

Fiber-optic Communications :: Fiber-optic essays

In 1987, both Eli Yablonvitch and Sajeev John got together to discuss enquiry that both had previously discovered. Eli Yablonvitch was an electrical engineer at Bell Communications Research in Red Bank, New Jersey. Yablonvitch was cognise for refining a laser that would become a mainstay of fiber-optic communications. Sajeev John is a Harvard graduate student who worked on a thesis inspired by Philip Anderson of Princeton. The two agree that the name of their idea should be called a photonic closed chain gap. Phontonic crystals have the regular lattice structure of natural crystals. Their purpose is to try and trap light without destroying it. The play a trick on is to not kill the photons but to tame them, by allowing light out when you want. Microchips are made of semiconductors and a semiconductor is a band gap. A band gap makes is possible to control the flow of electricity in a chip. In order to make light chips, you need the photonic equivalent of silicon a material that ca n trap light. You need a way of trapping the light so there are no escape channels, says John. It was until 1997, when European investigators postdate in trapping light in a random material. Diederik Wiersma and his colleagues used a powder of gallium arsenide. The laser could not penetrate a shape of powder even when the layer was less than a hundredth of an inch thick. It was indeed the very first time that anyone had trapped light, but as they knew, microchips cannot be made out of powder. Yablonovitch was in his office on day in October 1986, I started drawing crisscrossing lines, and everywhere the lines crossed I put a heavier mark. forward I knew it I had drawn a checkerboard. And then I said, Well, I might as well do it in three dimensions. This later became known as Yablonovitchs eureka moment. He realized that what he had drawn was a crystal structure that might trap light through come innce. tour happens when two light waves of the same wavelength meet. The Bragg ref lection is when light waves pass through one plane but is reflected back by the next plan. All waves that interfere constructively intensify the reflected light. Yablonovitch found that if you could design a crystal that Bragg-reflected light now which direction is was coming from, you would have built a trap.

Fiber-optic Communications :: Fiber-optic essays

In 1987, both Eli Yablonvitch and Sajeev John got together to discuss research that both had previously discovered. Eli Yablonvitch was an electrical engineer at Bell communication theory Research in Red Bank, New Jersey. Yablonvitch was known for refining a laser that would become a mainstay of fiber-optic communications. Sajeev John is a Harvard have student who worked on a thesis inspired by Philip Anderson of Princeton. The two agreed that the name of their idea should be called a photonic band gap. Phontonic crystals have the invariable lattice structure of natural crystals. Their purpose is to try and trap escaped with extinct destroying it. The trick is to not kill the photons but to tame them, by allowing light out when you want. Microchips are made of semiconductors and a semiconductor is a band gap. A band gap makes is possible to control the flow of electricity in a chip. In order to make light chips, you need the photonic equivalent of silicon a material that can tra p light. You need a way of trap the light so there are no escape channels, says John. It was until 1997, when European investigators succeed in trapping light in a random material. Diederik Wiersma and his colleagues apply a powder of gallium arsenide. The laser could not penetrate a layer of powder even when the layer was less than a hundredth of an butt thick. It was indeed the very first time that anyone had trapped light, but as they knew, microchips cannot be made out of powder. Yablonovitch was in his office on day in October 1986, I started drawing crisscrossing lines, and everywhere the lines crossed I put a heavier mark. Before I knew it I had emaciated a checkerboard. And then I said, Well, I might as well do it in three dimensions. This later became known as Yablonovitchs eureka moment. He realized that what he had drawn was a crystal structure that might trap light through and through interference. Interference happens when two light waves of the same wavelength meet . The Bragg reflection is when light waves pass through one plane but is reflected back by the next plan. All waves that interfere constructively intensify the reflected light. Yablonovitch found that if you could design a crystal that Bragg-reflected light now which direction is was coming from, you would have built a trap.

Because I Could Not Stop For Death Essay

The poem is generally about death and the thoughts going on in the mind of the person nearing it. In simple and short phrases, the figure of speech of the poem is expressing his feelings towards the end of his life on earth and the beginning of his immortality in eternity. The poem basically treats death not a negative thing exactly something that cannot be avoided and e rattlingone shall face in the future. Although the persona in the poem is sad because he has to leave behind the earthly realm he loved and got use to, he cannot deny death and saw something positively charged in the process of embrasing it.The poem was developed in a panache that it incorporated both the aesthetical and rational sense. It has six (6) stanzas. The lines of the poems stanzas have alternating eight (8) and six (6) syllables. There is no specific rhyming scheme in the reflection of the poem reservation it a free verse. Even so, the combination of words, especially the descriptions elaborately sh ows connection with each other. Be/cause/ I/ could/ not/ dampen/ for/ Death 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 He/ kind/ly/ obstructped/ for/ me 1 2 3 4 5 6 The/ Ca/rriage/ held/ but/ just/ Our/selves 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 And/ i/mmor/ta/li/ty. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (All succeeding stanzas have similar syllabic pattern. ) The first stanza of the poem is a clear introduction of what death is. The opening lines Because I could not stop for Death He kindly stopped for me means that the persona doesnt lack death. However, he has to face it.And when he is taken by death, there is nothing in the physical world that he can bring with him aside from his immortality. It is a declaration how powerful and divine death is. After the poems heavy introduction, it is then followed and supported by stanzas with lines grouped in a way to best tie the event. The reader of the poem is taken to a trance that depart show him the best picture of death and what it does. There are descriptions of what the things that will be left beh ind are and what waits. The real meaning of the poem may not be understood by single reading because of the very obscure diction.Nevertheless, a close look will reveal the great imagery that is contained in the poem. In the fifth (5th) stanza of the poem We paused before a domiciliate that seemed A Swelling of the Ground The Roof was scarcely visible The Cornice in the Ground the imagery is very impressive. The author used the above phrases and lines to describe the end point of every one who dies. Anyone who reads through the lines will realize that the burial place is just a stop-over or a pit stop for a more interesting journey and that is the journey to eternity.Meaning, there is more than just the dying and the ceremony when it happens. People should look forward on eternity and the possible beauty and joy we may find there. The poem does not have a rhyming scheme but the words are in harmony with each other. Moreover, the way each stanza was developed is consistent with the previous and the next. Because of the aforementioned writing strategy, the picture of the poem all fell into place making it like a mini-movie once read.The idea is successfully extended to the readers because of the very interesting way words are put together. Usually, death is pictured as something tragic, thus, something that should be scared about. But the author Emily Dickinson successfully depicted death in such a way that it uplifts ones spirit. It is almost positive that Emily Dickinson wrote this piece during her last days on Earth. And in an artistic way, Emily Dickinson converted her experience into a masterpiece that will inspire readers for generations.

English Language Anxiety Essay

side as every know is the international communicating lyric poem which plays a great design in many important aspects of a society. In Malaysia, slope as a second language after Malay language, is not only use in terms of education system, but is extensively used in inter-cultural communication and professions such as law, medicine, engineering and of course business. In this era of increase globalization, Malaysia go away pick up to face with tighter and rigid competition from other foreign countries. In accordance to that, Malaysian students will have to kick the bucket themselves ready for the upcoming circumstances especi each(prenominal)y those involving the usage of side of meat.Malaysian students have been culture position continuously for at least 11 years starting from primary schoolhouse till secondary school before enrolling themselves into a third-level education. slope has been a compulsory subject for students in Malaysia in which they need to pass in all the major examinations in Malaysia such as UPSR, PMR and SPM.In higher education, English is used to a greater extent expressively as entire main and core subjects such as medical, law, algebra and business use English as the principal language. Whether it is a local university or a private one, English has become the main extension of commandment other than becoming a subject in the curriculum. To exemplify, universities which use English as the medium of language such as International Muslim Universities Malaysia (IIUM), which has been an English-medium university since it was first established in 1983, require its students to pass a standard level of English before enrolling into the university. The students will be tested again during their druthers week on English language by undergoing an English Placement Test ( EPT). Students who gain level 6 and below will be displace in English classes till they have reached the standard of exemption. These English classes argon necessa ry as all the subjects taught are in English. These efforts show the importance of English in education.After graduation, students who are proficient in English will have a better future as they will be slow employed by multinational companies. One of the supposes specifications in Malaysia is to have soft skills especially the ability to communicate in good English. Furthermore, job interviews nowadays are also conducted in English. Here it is clear that, in order to have better chances in future, one must have sufficient confidence in utilize English language.Nonetheless, English is not the first language for close to Malaysian students. Most Malaysian students use their own own language, for example Malay language, Mandarin and Tamil when communicating with family and friends. This will cause their English language skills to rot if it is continuously being practiced which will later on lead to trouble in the process of breeding English.After a minimum of 11 years of co rrectioning English in twain the primary and secondary schools, students in the Centre for Foundation Studies ( CFS), IIUM still have difficulties in development the language effectively. For example, a study by Mohd Hilmi Bin Hamzah ( 2007) in CFS, in Semester 1, 2006/2007, more than 40% of the students taking first level English obtained grade D in their papers, while only 5% of them obtained an A. This shows that the students have not yet mastered the language before entering the university. The writer added that despite of having English Intensive Class Programme and extra classes by individual English lecturers, the level of English proficiency remains dissatisfactory. With the increasing usage of English globally, it is really necessary to find out the factors which may hinder English language learning. One of the factors which has not been paid attention to is language learning anguish.Anxiety is a major factor that affects second/foreign language learning ( Mohammad Java d Riasati, 2011). He also states that levels of anxiety differ from one individual to another but is always present. Most of todays education and economy uses English as the language of commandment. For that reason, it is really important to find out the factors which affect anxiety and ways to reduce it to increase the performance of an English language learner. diametric students have different proficiency levels in English language skills namely discipline, writing, listening and dissertation. With that reason, different students will also encounter different levels of anxiety for all those skills. One student may feel more anxious in speaking while the other in writing. As all of these four skills are needed to be mastered in order to be proficient in English, even by losing confidence in only one of it index cause difficulties in carrying out tasks in both education and job.This study will help both the educators and learners of English language in CFS, IIUM. The teachers wi ll get information about the factors causing anxiety among students. They will also be given information on the rank of students anxiety in possessing the 4 language skills namely writing, listening, reading and speaking so that the teachers will consider about which one of these 4 language skills should be given more attention to. rifle but not least, the findings of this study will help both the students and teachers to design a suitable strategy on ways to reduce anxiety in order to increase the performance of mastering English language.This study specifically addresses the following 3 investigate questions1) Which language skill namely writing, listening, speaking and reading creates the highest anxiety level among students in CFS, IIUM?2) What are the factors that are probable to cause anxiety?3) What are the ways used by the students to reduce anxiety?The objectives of this study are as follows1) To identify specific language skill in which students in CFS, IIUM feel most an xious.2) To identify the factors which are more probable to cause anxiety.3) To identify the ways students use to reduce anxiety.According to Hansen (1977), anxiety is an experience of general uneasiness, a sense of foreboding, a feeling of tension (p. 91). Anxiety is a type of psychological phenomena and ranges from mixture of open views of behavioral attribution.Due to anxietys impact on the students performance in learning English as a second language, it has been continuously studied by many researchers. Learning a second language will cause awareness among the learners that they are using a language which they have not yet mastered to communicate (Toth, 2011). This phenomenon will lead to many upcoming problems the learners have to face in using English as they have not completely accepted a second language as a part of their lives. This is according to Cohen and Norst ( 1989) language and ego/identity are so closely bound, if indeed they are not one and the same thing, that a perceived set upon on one is an attack on the other (p. 76). This will somehow lead students of English learners to feel less enjoyable during their class.Few studies conducted about the factors that affect anxiety are communication apprehension ( McCroskey, 1970), fear of damaging evaluation ( Watson & Friend, 1969) and test anxiety ( Sarason, 1978). Communication apprehension for example is the difficulty in understanding teachers instructions, negative evaluation for example is the fear of correction and last but not least, example of test anxiety is the fear of failing in the class. According to unsalted ( n.d.), language anxiety is caused by (a) personal and interpersonal Anxiety, (b) learner beliefs about language learning, (c) instructor beliefs about language teaching, (d) instructor-learner interactions, (e) classroom procedures and (f) language testing ( Mohammad Javad Riasati, 2011, p.908).The 4 language skills namely writing, speaking, reading and writing plays vit al role in helping students to attain proficiency in English Language. A study of anxiety in learning English as a foreign language by Wilson (2006) and Mohd Hilmi Bin Hamzah (2007) have included the findings on language skills. Wilson (2006) states that anxiety top executive exert a deleterious influence on language achievement and equally intuitively, that poor language achievement might arouse even more anxiety (p. 25). In Wilsons (2006) research, although a four-skills approach is used (taking in listening, speaking, writing and reading) the oral skill was emphasized. This shows that most students are afraid of speaking English as a second language during class.In his study, Young (1991) interviewed Krashen who stated that teachers often expect new students to perform beyond their expectations which increases the level of anxiety among students. This will further discourage the students to use English in their lives. A students who believes that one must never say anything in English until it can be express correctly will probably avoid speaking most of the time ( Khairi Izwan Abdullah and Nurul Lina Bt. Abdul Rahman, n.d.). An arouse of language anxiety from different language skills such as writing, listening, reading, speaking and grammar have further been studied by Brantmeier (2005), Hussein Elkafaifi (2005), Greyersen and Horwitz (2002) and Casado (2001). This will lead the learners to perform poorly especially in speaking.The feeling of anxiety needs to be treated to avoid students that have been affected by this problem to be carried away into some other serious problems. In some studies, it was found that anxiety levels were highest during the early stages of language learning and lessened at an advanced level. This has been concluded by MacIntyre and Gardner (1991, p.111), an experience and proficiency increase, anxiety declines in a fairly consonant manner. This means that if students keep on practicing all the language skills of English by reading books, listening to English songs, writing blogs and communicating in English continuously, they will be able to overcome the feelings of anxiety and will perform better.MethodologyThe main purpose of this study is to investigate the level of English learning Anxiety among the students of Centre for Foundation Studies (CFS), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). A population from CFS, IIUM was chosen to identify the specific language skills in which students in CFS, IIUM feel most anxious, the factors which are more probable to cause anxiety and the ways the students use to reduce anxiety. Data for this research was collected through a set of questionnaire.This research employed the use of questionnaire research methodology. The instrument used to collect the data was a questionnaire containing nine questions. The questionnaire was passed to thirty students of the CFS, IIUM randomly where its scope of distribution was not restrict on a certain course, level of s tudy, age or gender. To ensure that the questions were fully understood by the students, a brief introduction about the case was provided at the top of each questionnaire.

Yellowstone Volcano

Introduction I dont think visitors appreciate that theyre standing directly on take place of the largest, most dynamic magmatic system on the planet, says geologist Daniel Dzurisin. Yel humbledst maven is easily one of the biggest volcanoes in the world, and one of the few superintendent volcanoes on continental change surface. The extreme ways of this volcano, is what makes it unique. Because of its tectonic setting, there ar numerous hazards involved, as well as potential for damage. The history of this volcano explains that, and other super volcanoes help explain what could potentially happen when Yellowstone finally does erupt.Tectonic Setting To begin, the tectonic setting of north western Wyoming explains a lot nigh Yellowstone. The crust underneath Yellowstone is restless. There are some major faults along the Teton, Madison and Gallatin Ranges that pass through Yellowstone these all existed before the volcano was there. The North American cuticle is the biggest plate t hat Yellowstone is interacting with. There is a divergent boundary along where Yellowstone and the North American plate meet.The most apparent faults in Yellowstone are as follows the Minor plateau Faults younger section, Post Lava Creek faults in North Western Yellowstone, Mallard Lake resurgent dome faults, Elephant Back fault zone, and Sour Creek dome faults. of import Hazard Equally important, Yellowstone has many main hazards. Yellowstone is a super volcano. The difference between a normal volcano and a super volcano is not truly obvious until you look at the inside structure. A normal volcano typically has a single pillar of magma that comes from within the acres.It breaks through the top of the mountain and spews out the entire column. A super volcano is quite a bit different though. A super volcano begins with a column of magma, but instead of breaking through the surface it stays underground. The magma then starts heating the crust and slowly begins to mix with it. Thi s makes the magma really thick. Since the magma is trapped under the backgrounds surface, the volcanic gases are also on lock. The pressure of the gasses and magma under the surface of the earth is colossal and continues to build over thousands of years.When the earths crust cannot take the pressure anymore, it breaks. The volcano erupts and the blast is hundreds of times more powerful than that of a normal volcano. Yellowstone happens to be really big too. It is 2,805m tall and rises at a rate of active 7cm/year. Risks Associated with Main Hazard Fires There are many risks associated with Yellowstone. To begin, fires are a pretty common thing in Yellowstone. The weather in Yellowstone is pretty interesting. There is lots of rain, and where there is rain there is lighting. The poor soil in Yellowstone results in the plants being pretty dry.When the rainstorms happen, the lighting usually hits something and causes fires. Earthquakes some other example of a risk is earthquakes. Ea rthquakes are a pretty regular thing in Yellowstone. not all of the earthquakes are devastating but many happen all the time. In February 2012, the University of Utah Seismograph Stations, recorded 34 earthquakes. The largest of those earthquakes was a 1. 6 order. The biggest recorded earthquake recorded in Yellowstone was a 7. 5 magnitude in 1959. Deadly Gasses Equally important, deadly gasses are extremely hazardous in Yellowstone.Most of the gasses in Yellowstone are released in geysers. Two thirds of the worlds geysers are in Yellowstone national park (Secret). Because of the extreme climates in Yellowstone, animals typically seek warmth by the volcano. The volcanic gasses that come from Yellowstone are heavy and stay low to the ground. This usually results in animals seeking warmth followed by basically inhaling poison, which causes them to die. Ash Fall To continue, ash fall is extremely dangerous in the case of Yellowstone. Yellowstones ash fall rights a huge radius.If Yel lowstone were to erupt right now, the ash would shoot up into the atmosphere and travel around the earth in a cloud several times before settling. The eruption that occurred 650,000 years ago shot ash into the stratosphere (Secret). The Great Plains of the United States would also be covered almost immediately. Potential for Property Damage In addition, potential for property damage is something incredibly difficult for some people to realize. Let us say, for example, that Yellowstone was to erupt nowadays who would be touched, and how badly would it affect them?Well, to begin, Wyoming and its surrounding states would be incinerated instantly (Yellowstone is a Super Volcano? ). After one gets past the fact that Utah, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, southeastward Dakota, and Nebraska result be gone, it is to wonder what will come next. Potential for Loss of Life Following this, potential for loss of life is a very scary thing for some people. The Great Plains have been called The Bread Basket of the World. So without it, many people would go hungry. If Yellowstone was to erupt today, ash would cover the entire United States, including the Great Plains.The hard part is one cannot save the crops when they are covered in inches and feet of ash. A plentiful amount of people will go hungry. If this is not enough to realize the effects of Yellowstone, all the gasses that will be released with the eruption will help clear it up a shortsighted better. Yellowstone will release many harmful gasses into the stratosphere. The one of the more plentiful gasses is sulfur dioxide. When sulfur dioxide gets into the stratosphere it will turn into sulfuric acid aerosols. Basically, this subject matter that earths climate will change drastically and will be affected for years.This could affect the farming season, which would make growing food nearly impossible. Not only that, but based on other volcanos and historical occurrences, Yellowstone could easily wipe out the entire population of the world. Historical Occurrences To continue, Yellowstone has had some cataclysmic eruptions in the past. These eruptions have occurred only three times 2, 1. 3, and . 6 million years ago. Each of these eruptions have altered the earth forever. When a super volcano erupts, a huge crater, or caldera, is formed. These can be many miles wide and hundreds of meters deep.To give you a better idea of how big this really is, the first eruption that occured about 2 million years ago, left a depression in the ground bigger than Rhode Island. The three eruptions that Yellowstone had, were more powerful than any other eruptions in recorded history (Yellowstone is a Super Volcano? ). The eruption that occured roughly 650,000 years ago was one of the biggest eruptions ever recorded in history. Ash, pumice, and gasses from the volcano basically swept across more than 3,000 square miles. The amount of ash that fell was enough to cover th e entire United States with 5 inches, or all of Wyoming with 13 feet.Ash deposits from Yellowstones 650,000 year ago eruption are still being found in the Gulf of Mexico (Yellowstone is a Super Volcano? ). Similar Events in Other Locations Around The World On the other hand, a similar, but different super volcano Yellowstone can be compared to, is Toba. Toba is located on the island of Sumeria in Indonesia. Toba is also on the same type of boundary that Yellowstone is on. The only difference is Toba is a way smaller super volcano, and it erupted about 70,000 years ago. When Toba erupted, only about 5 or 10 thousand people survived. (Yellowstone is a Super Volcano? . Another volcano Yellowstone can be compared to, is Mount. St. Helens. In 1980, Mt. St. Helens erupted. The explosion from Yellowstone 650,000 years ago was 1,000 times greater than that eruption in 1980. Potential for Occurrence in The Next 50 Years However, there is a pretty goodly possibility Yellowstone will erupt in the next 50 years. Scientists have predicted that Yellowstone is subject to erupt every 600,000 years. The last eruption occurred about 650,000 years ago. This means Yellowstone is 50,000 years overdue. Not only that, but as of 2008, the magma was less 10km below the caldera.If Yellowstone is rising at a rate of 7 or more centimeters a year, Yellowstone will be erupting in no time at all (Thanks). Conclusion Clearly, Yellowstone is extremely dangerous to the populace. The entire world will be affected if Yellowstone were to erupt today. Because of the tectonic, as well as the geological setting, each and every inch of the world will experience changes to the climate, food, and life as it is today. Yellowstone, being one of the few super volcanoes above sea level, is incredibly dangerous, and will be outrageously tragic. Work CitedMarshal, Jessica. Pulse reveals breathing heart of a super volcano. impertinent Scientist 189. 2541 (2006) 11. Gale scholarly person Resources In Conte xt. Web. 3 Mar. 2012. . Moravianhawk. What kind of fault does Yellowstone Caldera have?. Yahoo Answers. Yahoo, 2012. Web. 3 Mar 2012. . Secret Yellowstone. Dir. Brian Armstrong. National Geographic. 2007. Thanks for the lift. American Scientist 96. 1 (2008) 27. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 3 Mar. 2012. . Topinka, Lyn. CVO Website Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming. USGS cascades Volcano Observitory (CVO). N. p. 25 June 2009. Web. 3 Mar. 2012. . Wyoming Quaternary Faults. USGS. U. S. Department of the Interior, 2012. Web. 3 Mar 2012. . Yellowstone National pose Earthquakes. Yellowstone Net Yellowstone National Park Lodging, Hotel, Wildlife Information and More. Bruce Gourley, Russ Finley, & Tim Gourley, n. d. Web. 3 Mar. 2012. . Yellowstone is a Supervolcano?. Suburban Emergency Management Project. SEMP INC. 2007. Web. 3 Mar 2012. . Yellowstone Volcano Observitory. Volcano Hazards Program. U. S. Department of the Interior. 24 Jan. 2012. Web. 3 Mar 2012. .

Communication Topic Paper

Overcoming Diversity Barriers in Effective Communication Larry Rankin II HUB 640 National University Abstract Utilizing effectual talk is becoming increasingly important as groups be becoming more diverse and varied across cultural barriers. The problems that face each(prenominal) person, community, and each country sensnot be solved without global cooperation and Joint action. Changes in the world economy, transportation and dialogue are resulting in increase interdependence among individuals, groups, organizations, communities and societies.With these changes, individuals must fetch ways to effectively interact and communicate with one another. In Walt Disneys Beauty and the Beast, young Belle risks all and sacrifices her own freedom to save the life of her fathers, by animate in the enchanted castle with the Beast. Although initially fearful of the Beast and horrified by his monstrous appearance, Belle is able to change her perception of him and becomes drawn to kind and mad nature.Ultimately the story ends in the happily ever after frame, but one of the key elements that remain in the opinion of the audience is the idea of overcoming diversity in a relationship. One reason Beauty and the Beast retains its popularity is because this idea strikes a familiar chord within m some(prenominal) members of the audience. Often individuals find themselves initially repelled by unfamiliarity, and then later becoming very close with the same premises and concepts that once seemed so foreign.The moral of this childrens tale shines through when we look at communication across cultures, whether in fiddling or large groups. The diversity that hold ups among individuals creates an opportunity for both imperative and negative outcomes when these individuals come together in groups to achieve a goal or complete a task Monsoon Johnson, 1989). More specifically, diversity among group members can result in beneficial consequences, such(prenominal) as change magnit ude achievement and productivity, creative problem solving, and growth in cognitive and moral reasoning.To the contrary, diversity among group members can also result in harmful consequences, such as lower achievement and productivity, close-minded rejection of new information, increased egocentrics, prejudice, stereotyping and racism. The pathway of diversity is ultimately determined by the willingness of the group members to utilize effective communication to propel the needs of the group as a whole while respecting the culture and diversity of its individual members (p. 461). Diversity among group members is an important resource that can be utilized to improve the groups productivity.While doing so may not be easy, it is important to understand that there are a number of barriers to effective interactions with culturally diverse groups. These include stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination, he tendency to blame the victim, and cultural clashes. Stereotypes Stereotypes can be found everywhere, and everyone has them. Stereotypes are a product of the way the mind stores, organizes, and recalls information. They are used to describe differences among groups and to predict how others will behave.They reduce complexities, assist in making quick decisions, fill in gaps of what is known, and help to recognize patterns necessary to draw conclusions. In modern thought, stereotypes are defined as a precept that associates a whole group of large number with certain traits. Stereotypes are (1) cognitive (2) reflect a set of related beliefs rather than isolated behaviors (3) describe attributes, personalities, and characters so that groups can be compared and differentiated and are shared by individuals and groups belongings them (Cashmere &Del Boca, 1979).Prejudice and Discrimination To be prejudiced meaner, literally, to prejudge, however, prejudice can be defined as an unjustified negative attitude toward a person based only on that individuals membership in a group other than ones own. Stereotypes taken to extremes, restudies are Judgments made about others that establish a superiority/inferiority belief system. If one person dislikes another simply because that other is identified with a different ethnic group, sex, religion, socio-economic status, or creed, then prejudice is present (Lopper, 1954).Ethnocentrism is the tendency to require ones own ethnic group, nation, religion, or culture as better or more correct than others. When ethnocentrism is present, the standards and values of our culture are used as a yardstick to measure the worth of other ethnic groups. Ethnocentrism is often perpetuated by cultural conditioning. As children, individuals are raised to fit a into a crabby culture, and conditioned to respond to various situations in similar ways that are modeled by the adults (Rotary, Evans, Fuller, 1979). Racism is a prejudice directed at people because of their race, or ethnic membership.Although scientific evidence in dicates that only one human race exists, with many variations, various other people assume that biological differences exist as evidenced by physical appearances. Race has taken on a social meaning, suggesting ones status within the social construct. This status structure introduces index finger preferences as people of different constructs interact with one another (Steele & Aarons, 1995). When prejudice is acted upon, it is discrimination. Discrimination is an action taken to harm a group or any of its members. It is a negative, and often aggressive action aimed at the target of the prejudice.Discrimination is aimed at denying members of the targeted groups treatment and opportunities equal to those afforded to the dominant group. To reduce prejudices, use of stereotypes, and potential to discriminate, the following locomote may be utilized Monsoon Johnson, 1999) 1) admit to having prejudices (everyone does there are no exceptions) and commit to reducing them 2) Identify the st ereotypes that reflect the presence of prejudices and feedback from diverse friends and colleagues about how healthful the value and respect for diversity are being communicated.Blaming the victim Many people believe the world is Just a place where individuals get what they deserve, (I. E. Winning the lotto is a result of being a nice person who deserves some good luck, or being robbed is the result of being incautious and is punishment for past misdeeds). The question arises then, what happens when the situations appear unjust? One method that is utilized and present in much of the communications between individuals is to blame the victim by convincing the self, that no injustice actually occurred.Victims of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination are often seen as having done something wrong. Blaming the victim occurs when the cause of discrimination or misfortune is attributed to the personal characteristics of the victim (Hellhole, 1994). Culture Clash Another common ba rrier to effective communications across divers cultures is the dead of cultural clash. Cultural clashes are employments over basic values that occur when members of minority groups question the values of the majority.Common reaction by majority group members when their values are being questioned are feeling 1) Threatened their responses include avoidance, denial, and defensiveness 2) Confused their responses include seeking more information in an attempt to redefine the problem 3) Enhanced their responses include heightened anticipation, awareness, and positive actions that lead to solving the problem (Outsold, 1991). Many cultural clashes develop in and between groups.These clashes range from threatening to confusing to enhancing, and when handled appropriately, these clashes are another form of conflict and they can serve as learning experiences rather than barriers. In our increasingly global community, highly diverse individuals interact daily, studying, working, and playing together in small groups. Rapidly growing global interdependence and the increasing emphasis on teamwork have resulted in groups with quite diverse membership.Diversity among members is no longer exceptional or optional it is the everyday rule. Individuals are expected to interact effectively and utilize appropriate communication skills among people with a variety of characteristics and backgrounds. Doing so has many advantages, including increased group productivity on a variety of tasks. Heterogeneity in groups also increases the difficulty of developing cohesive relationships among its members and increases the potential for conflict among members.For group members to capitalize on their differences, a high train of cultural competence and awareness must be implemented into the daily communications, to ensure that a high level of positive interdependence exists among group members. This can be accomplished by using communication to create a subordinates group identity based on a pluralistic set of values, enabling members to gain sophistication about the differences among members through personal relationships that have sufficient trust to allow for candid discussions Monsoon Johnson, 2005).

Colligative Properties

Name JOANNA CELESTE M. QUINTANA Date performed NOV. 12, 2012 Section C-1L Date submitted NOV. 21, 2012 Group Number 3 Exercise No. 2 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (Full Report) I. INTRODUCTION Colligative properties In swimmingness resolvents, particles are close together and the solute molecules or ions disrupt intermolecular forces between the resolvent molecules, causing changes in those properties of the solvent that depend in intermolecular attraction. For example, the halt blot of a radical is lower than that of the of the saturated solvent and the boiling point is higher.Colligative properties of result are those that depend on the concentration of solute particles in the response, regardless of what large-mindeds of particles are present the greater the concentration of any solute, the lower the freezing point and the higher the boiling point of a base. FREEZING gunpoint LOWERING A melted stateity begins to freeze when temperature is lowered to the substances freezing point and the first few molecules cluster together into a crystallizing lattice to form a tiny quantity of square.As long as both solid and liquid phases are present at the freezing point, the roll of crystallization equals the rate of melting and there is a dynamic equilibrium. When a solution freezes, a few molecules of solvent cluster together to form uncontaminated solid solvent and a dynamic equilibrium is set up between the solution and the solid solvent. In the case of a solution, the molecules in the liquid in contact with the solid solvent are not all solvent molecule.The rate at which molecules move from solution to solid is therefore little that in the pure liquid to achieve dynamic equilibrium there must be a corresponding smaller rate of escape of molecules from solid crystal lattice. This slower rate occurs at a lower temperature and so the freezing point of the solution is lower than that of liquid solvent. The change in freezing point ? Tf is proportional to th e concentration of the solute in the same way as the boiling point elevation. ?Tf = Kf ? msolute ? ?soluteHere withal, the proportionality constant Kf depends on the solvent and not the kind of solute and isolute represents the number of particles per formula unti of solute. For peeing, the freezing point constant is -1. 86 oC-kg/mole. Freezing point or melting point is the temperature of transition between solid and liquid. liquescent point can be measured more accurately than freezing points. This is becauses so in freezing point measurements, supercooling may occur which would yield a lower than sslkdjs freezing (melting point).CHANGES IN VAPOUR PRESSURE RAOULTS LAW At the surface of an aqueous solution, there are molecules of pee as tumefy as ions or molecules from the solute. Water molecules can leave the liquid and enter the gas phase, exerting a vapour pressing. However, there are not as many another(prenominal) urine molecules at the surface as in pure water, because some of them have been displaced by dissolved ions or molecules/ therefore, not as many water molecules are available to leave the liquid surface, and the vapour gouge is lower than that of pure water at a given temperature.From this analysis, it should make senses that the vapour pressure of the solovent in a higher place the solution, Psolvent, solution, that is , to their mole fraction. Thus, since Psolvent ? Xsolvent, we can write Psolvent = Xsolvent ? K (where K is a constant). This equation tells you that, if there are only half as many solvent molecules present at the surface of a solution as at the surface of the pure liquid, because the vapour pressure of the solvent above the solution will only be half as great as that of the pure solvent at the same temperature. If we are dealing only with pure solvent, the above equation becomes Posolvent = Xsolvent ?K where Posolvent is the vapour pressure of the pure solvent and Xsolvent is equal to 1. This means that Posolvent = K that is, the constant K is just the vapour pressure of the pure sovent. Substituting for K in the foremost equation, we arrive at an equation called Raoults fair play Psolvent = Xsolvent ? Posolvent If the solution contains more than one volatile component, then Raoults law can be written for any one such component, A, as PA = XA ? PoA Like this ideal gas law, Raoults law is a description of a simplified model of a solution.An ideal solution is one that obey Raoults law/ although most solution are not ideal, just as most gases are not ideal, we use Raoults law as good approximation to solution behaviour. In any solution, the mole fraction of the solvent will always be less than 1, so the vapour pressure of the solvent over an ideal solution (Psolvent) must be less than the vapour pressure of the pure solvent (Posolvent). This vapour pressure lowering, ? Psolvent, is given by ? Psolvent = Psolvent ? Posolventwhere Psolvent Posolvent Boiling point elevationRaoults law tells us that the vapour pressure of the solvent over a solution must be lower than that of the pure solvent. Assume for example that you have a solution of a non-volatile solute in the volatile solvent benzene ? ? ? ? II. MATERIALS A. Reagents 4. 00 g naphthalene 0. 20 g unknown solute A unknown solute B (assigned amount per group) distilled water B. Apparatus 250-mL beaker 400-mL beaker 100-mL graduated cylinder test tubes thermometer contract stand, iron ring, iron clamp hot plate C. Other Apparatus wire gauze meander paper graphing paper timer III. PROCEDURE Freezing Point of NaphthaleneIn a clean and dry test tube, 2. 0 g of naphthalene was weighed. To measure the temperature while heating, a thermometer was suspended by tissue paper at the mouth of the test tube. It was placed in a water bath with the water level above the sample in the test tube. To avoid the contact of the test tube to the bottom of the bath, it was supported by an iron clamp. The water bath was then het up until the entire sample has melted and until the temperature of the sample reached 90o C. The flame was localise off and the temperature reading was recorded every 15 seconds until the temperature has fallen to 70oC.The set up was put aside for the next part of the experiment. selective information gathered were tabulated and plotted for analysis and evaluation. Freezing Point Depression of Naphthalene Pre weighed 0. 20 g of unknown solute A was added to the precedent set up of naphthalene. The same procedure was done with it. The thermometer was again suspended at the mouth of the test tube by tissue paper. With the help of iron clamp, it was again placed in a water bath, with the water level above the sample in the test tube, to avoid contact to the bottom of the bath.The water bath was then heated until the entire sample of unknown solute A and naphthalene has melted. When the temperature reached 90oC, the flame was put off. The temperature reading was recorded every 15 seconds until th e temperature has fallen to 70oC. Data was also tabulated and plotted together with the data from freezing point of naphthalene. Boiling Point of Water In a 250-mL beaker, 100-mL of distilled water was boiled until it completely boiled. The temperature reading was recorded. In a separate 250-mL beaker, 0. 20 g of unknown solute B was dissolved in 100-mL distilled water.This was also heated until it finally boiled. The boiling point was also recorded. It was tabulated together with the boiling points of solutions with varying amounts of solute from other groups. Comparison was made for evaluation of the results. IV. DATA/OBSERVATIONS Table 1. 1. Observations on cooling of naphthalene at 15-second intervals. Time (sec. )Temperature (oC)Appearance 1590clear liquid 3090clear liquid 4587clear liquid 6086clear liquid 7585clear liquid 9085clear liquid 10584clear liquid 12084clear liquid 13583clear liquid 15083clear liquid 16582clear liquid 18081clear liquid 9581clear liquid 21080clear liqu id 22580clear liquid 24079clear liquid 25579clear liquid 27078clear liquid 28577clear liquid 30077clear liquid 31576solidification 33075solidification 34575 36075 37575 39075 40575 42075 43575 45075 46575 48075 49575 51075 52575 54075 55575 57075 58575 60075 61575 63075 64574 66074 67574 69074 70574 72073 73573 75073 76572 78072 79571 81070 Mass of naphthalene used (g) 2. 00 g Table 1. 2. Observations on cooling of solution of naphthalene and unknown solute at 15-second interval. Time (sec. )Temperature (oC)Appearance 1590clear liquid 3090clear liquid 587clear liquid 6086clear liquid 7585clear liquid 9085clear liquid 10584clear liquid 12084clear liquid 13583clear liquid 15083clear liquid 16582clear liquid 18081clear liquid 19581clear liquid 21080clear liquid 22580clear liquid 24079clear liquid 25579clear liquid 27078clear liquid 28577clear liquid 30077clear liquid 31576clear liquid 33075 34575 36075 37575 39075 40575 42075 43575 45075 46575 48075 49575 51075 52575 Mass of naphthalen e used (g) 2. 00 g mass of unknown solute B (g) 0. 20 g Table 1. 3. Data on freezing point depression of naphthalene. Mass of naphthalene used (g)2. 0 g Mass of unknown solute A used (g)0. 20 g Mass of solution (g)2. 20 g Freezing point of pure naphthalene (oC)75 oC Freezing point of solution (oC)73 oC Freezing point difference of pure naphthalene and of solution (oC) Molality of solution (mol/kg) Moles of solute used (mole) Molecular mass of solute (g/mole) Table 1. 4. Summary of data on boiling points of solutions with varying amounts of solute. Group No. Amount of solute B used (g)Boiling point (oC) 100 10. 5099. 0 21. 0090. 0 31. 5099. 5 42. 0099. 5 52. 50100 V. DISCUSSION ? ? ? ? VI. CONCLUSION ? VII. LITERATURE CITED/BIBLIOGRAPHY

Jim Goodnight Essay

Goodnight is driven by creating a culture that is full of employee engagement and motivation. On the SAS website, Jim Goodnight is quoted as saying, Treat employees like they make a disagreement and they will. In a publication from Harvard Business Review that Goodnight co-wrote with author Richard Florida he states, companies prosper when they harness the creative capital of their employees, as those be the individuals that are creative thinkers and generate valuable products and services. Mr.Goodnight understands that his product is a product of the mind, and therefore recognizes that maintaining an environment that retains employees and keeps them engaged is a requirement to be successfully. Jim Goodnight has entrenched motivator factors into his business, duration minimizing and eliminating hygiene factors for his employees. SAS uses a vertical loading direction style that allows employees to be more engaged and empowered in their take form. Employees draw responsibility an d challenge from this management platform.SAS employees are often only two or three levels down from the CEO, Jim Goodnight, and work alongside their management writing code and setting deadlines. These factors motivate employees and displays to them that managers washstand be technical in nature and work alongside them in the trenches. Also, SAS has a strong focus on employee satisfaction and uses all possible instrument to minimize and eliminate hygiene factors that could cause dissatisfaction. Mr. Goodnight pays his employees a competitive salary, however, he shows his commitment through other means such as benefits, company programs, and employee facilities.SAS understands that work life balance is a conflict that most professionals have to deal with and overcome. SAS maintains flexibility by offering services that ease this burden such as lunch programs, unlimited sick leave, and in house childcare. The fact that SAS has never had a layoff speaks volumes to its employees abo ut the dedication that leadership has to its employees on job security and proper(a) staffing levels. These factors have far reaching effects on employees and families, as they recognize and appreciate these benefits.My current employer offers a package similar to the one SAS provides its employees, and I finger similar results. For example, teams are more motivated and engaged in their work with minimal turnover and low dissatisfaction with their jobs, and teams are more likely to accept supernumerary assignments with minimal pushback. Jim Goodnight is clearly motivated by offering his employees the highest quality of work life balance possible. He believes the culture is based on trust in the midst of our employees and the company.

Fascism like a system of action and a system of thought Essay

According to Mussolini, Fascism is a system of rules of action and a system of thought. It is of action in that the doctrine is inherent. It sees the worlds generations and individuals brought together by moral law and common traditions and life not limited by quadriceps femoris and time. It wants individuals to be aw are of the difficulties surrounding them and should engage in actions in readiness to face these difficulties with tot in ally their energies (Goldberg, j. (2009).The program of the national Socialist German workers party(1920) stated that save people with the German blood could become citizens. This was a way of refuting the Jews from becoming nationals. It also stated that any person who committed a crime against the citizens was punishable by death regardless of race or religion. The party restrained from affiliating with any religious denomination but gave freedom to all denominations with a disclaimer that it did not injure the existence of the nation. It cla imed to stand for positive Christianity but was against the Jews materialistic spirit.According to Lenin, religion is the opium of the poor.in this regard, all religious institutions in relation to all faiths were instruments that were used by the middle class and the peasants as an exploitation mechanism and to also perplex the working class. Issues of religion should be held as secluded contradictions of individuals i.e. private matters that concerns you alone and should not be used to bring revolution. On the other hand, Maxim Gorky viewed religion as harmonious unifying feeling existing surrounded by human beings and the universe. According to him, communists should use it to understand and solve lifes mysteries and in their quest for truth and justice.In the Hymn to Stalin, Evidence praises Stalin for being a great leader. He acts as if Stalin is a God by evidently worshiping him. Since communists do not believe in the existence of God, they use the philosophy the hold back justifies the means. For them, if a lie or even murder promotes their course to advance communism then that is not sinful. If there were no religion in communism, the state would have to protect its citizen or establish laws so as to bring order and curb injustices. In Divini Redemptoris, the Catholic church building views communism as a way offsetting social order that aims at attacking Christian foundations of truth, justice and all eternal values. This is because, communists did not see any big fill in murdering people who had contrary opinions to what they stood for. A good example is Maxim Gorky, who was assassinated.Mit Brennen der surge accused the Nazi leadership of being discriminatory and exalting particular forms of state and races. His encyclical addresses blasphemy and idolatry by the Nazi state (1937). This is because the Nazi state worshipped people such as Stalin.In my opinion, through with(predicate) simple observation, some races are better than others in terms of intellectual ability and, for this reason, theres no offence in exalting races that are better off. The issue of worship, one praises a person who helps him, in that case Stalin praised because he visibly supported the communists.The Barmen declaration claimed that the Nazi regime made teachings opposed to the Christian faith. This is because the Nazi regime claimed that Hitler was the head of the German church and that Christ and Christianity were Aryan. The declaration expressly stated that Christ alone is the word of God, the source of all authority and truth. It specifically refuted claims by the Nazi regime that other powers apart from Christ could be sources of Gods revelation.Closure of churches, murder of bishops and other church leaders and imposition of stringent laws and regulations that hinder the churchs activities, are some of the challenges faced by the churchs leadership in act to remain faithful to religious precepts.ReferencesHockings,M.D. (2004). A church div ided German Protestants confront the Nazi past. Bloomington Indiana University Press.In Szczesniak,B.B. (1959). The Russian revolution and religion A collection of documents concerning the suppression of religion by the Communists, 1917-1925. Notre Dame, Ind. University of Notre Dame Press.Meyer,A.G. (1984). Communism. New York Random HouseSource document

Human Rights and Democracy of Filipinos Essay

According to the linked Nations, The values of freedom, respect for homosexual rights and the rule of holding periodic and legitimate elections by universal voter turnout are vital elements of democracy. In turn, democracy provides the natural environment for the protection and effective realization of human rights. These standards are embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and further developed in the multinational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which enshrines a host of governmental rights and civil liberties underpinning meaningful democracies. The affinity between democracy and human rights is captured in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting mental processs.With this nonion, Martial Law in the Philippines only proves that during that time, Human Rights and Democracy is not totally perpetrated in the whole nation. The circumstances of arrests, detentions and searches made without court orders are common practice during the martial rule. The fundamental principles of legality and due process pitch been neglected, with security forces having unprecedented powers given by the head of state under this martial law. Election frauds were also perceived. Justice among those involve were deserted and remiss and Justice for the countrys democracy were put in to trash. Martial rule and suspension of judicial writ of habeas corpus, which allows warrantless arrests, detention and conduct of searches, have been a convenient solution for the police forces incompetency in enforcing their rudimentary duties. The soldiers have cemented their de facto superiority over the police in conflict areas.But cardinal one year had already passed, and the Armed Forces of the Philippines have repeatedly been accused of involvement if not actively engaging in the killing of defenceless political activists. The AFP restates that they never will have a rule of intentionally targeting civilians as well as those who may have a different political orientation from our government for as long as they detain their resist within legal and legislative means. The AFP remains committed intheir duty to help ensure that the Philippines progresses as a pop society free by armed threats. Their answer is explicit in the AFPs statute of ethics in support for peace initiatives.Furthermore, the AFP will persist to fully assist with fact-finding bodies formed by proper authorities. But investigation should be based on valid pieces of state as determined by courts and not simply on given away allegations. With proper procedure the AFP makes it a point that Justice is served to each and every Filipinos. Their faults in the past should not be carried today, for the scenario and period is dif ferent. Changes in the agency only attest that they are coping with it in order to have Justice in every aspect of their post.References* United Nation. 2012. Democracy and Human Rights.Online accessed from http//www.un.org/en/globalissues/democracy/human_rights.shtml on December 09, 2012 * Asian Human Rights Commission. 2009. Philippines Martial Law Dilutes Human Rights Online Retrieved from http//www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0912/S00305.htm on December 09, 2012 * General Hermogenes C. Esperon junior 2007. The AFP in a democracyprotecting human rights online ebook downloaded last December 09, 2012

Compare the ways in which Larkin and Abse write about love Essay

Comp argon the ways in which Larkin and Abse write round Love, in your response you should write active at least two of Larkins poesys Larkins worldwide view on manage and hymeneals is that both are a liability. This is go forn throughout many poems including selfs the man where Larkin talks about a man being held back down and worked to death by his wife. Abses views are somewhat contrary to Larkins. He has a much softer attack when talking about love and feels that it connects himself with his family, as seen in his poems postcard to his wife and The Malham Bird where he expresses his love for his wife. Love as a theme is present in many of Larkins poems and Selfs the man illustrates his unimaginative outlook on marriage and love. In the first gear stanza Larkin directly compares himself to his made up character of Arnold, who represents alone the lower class custody in a marriage. The first two lines Oh, no one sewer deny/ That Arnold is less selfish than I adjudg e a humorous tone in with the office of a rhyming disticht, Larkin is patronising the reader. In the next line he writes how Arnold married a cleaning lady to stop her getting away. In comparison, the poem The Malham Bird Abse writes of love in a diametrical way in love, you a Gentile. His soft tone creates a slower pace to the poem which shows his love for his late wife.On the other hand Larkin doesnt use the word love and he uses a faster case-of-fact tone. Larkin is often viewed as sexist nonwithstanding here he could be seen as saying that women dont get a chance to live their lives how they want to because men marry them Now shes at that place all day. In the second stanza Larkin continues to paint women in a poor light And the money he gets for wasting his life on work/ She takes as her perk. The first line uses enjambment which makes the poem sound like a list of moans. She appears to be greedy by taking his money. Larkin displays an air of snobbery about the lower cla sses hard labour jobs. He delineates the woman as interfering and domineering. Larkin then uses colloquial language to make fun of the lower classes and how they babble out To pay for the kiddies clobber and the drier/ and the electric fire. He does non rate family life real highly. Larkin states that the roles have reversed in the third stanza. Arnold told his wife to marry him and she did and now she is telling him to work, to do the chores etc int shutdown to have a read at the evening paper/ Its Put a get it on in this wall-. The fourth stanza uses colloquial language again and the fifth and uses a sarcastic and patronising tone.Larkin does not look uponmarriage favourably. Moving into the sixth stanza, the poet claims that Arnold, too, was just out for his own ends and if it was such a skid / He still did it for his own sake / Playing his own game. He concludes that he and I are the same and both are selfish, but he is better At knowing what I asshole stand / Without th em sending a van. The van is a mental institutes order of transportation, suggesting that Arnold is going mad in his situation. Much of this poem is unsympathetic towards Arnolds situation. However at the end Larkin reveals an uncertainty. Suddenly the poet is faced with the reality of his own situation But wait, not do fast/ Is there such a contrast? Has he realised the loneliness in his own life because he was too selfish to share. Another poem which presents love as a theme is Talking in Bed. In this poem Larkin describes a couple in a failing relationship because they are separate and find it difficult to communicate. Themarital bed is used as a symbol for marriage a haven for spouses to come together. The bed should be the place where a couple feel united, but in this poem, the bed makes the couples detachment from one another glaringly obvious.The word lying has an ambiguous meaning in this poem on one hand it means that the couple in presume a horizontal position together , and on the other hand, it appears there is some fabrication among them. Goes back so far also presents some ambiguity first, the couple have been lying together in their bed for years which is an indication of a lengthy marriage and second, they have been living a inhabit for many years. The couple are clearly unhappy with their marriage. This was a time when separation and divorce was frowned upon but couples stayed together unhappily because it was the right thing to do. There was a sense of accountability within the marriage contract and it was difficult for women in particular to walk away from their husbands. The second stanza describes the turmoil of their marriage metaphorically by using nature. The awful silence is deafening and an indication of the tense, nervous atmosphere between the two, deterioration as they continue to remain silent. The outside is a reflection of the couple inside the tension heightens between them, and is never relieved. The wind is turbulent, s cattering the clouds across the sky. Builds and disperses could be a metaphor for an argument the environment is fraught(p) and situations cannot be resolved. Clouds have both a dark and threatening aspect, and can be difficult tosee through.Metaphorically speaking, a clear sky would represent a marriage at peace, but in this case the clouds suggest a marriage at war with itself these wars could potentially harm the marriage, so the clouds get across them, if you cant see something then it doesnt exist. Dark towns can be used to describe a number of different things faults, disagreements, difficulties, isolation and pain. The contrast of their marriage to the tumultuous winds are a knockout reminder of what their future holds. They have to try and work things out to arrive at an amicable solution. It is not understood why their marriage has failed why at this unique distance (lying side-by-side) that they feel so isolated from each other. The husband cannot understand why communi cation between him and his wife have broken down. voice communication are not forthcoming and he is at a loss as to how the marriage appears to be irretrievable. Was he ever really in love with his wife? Did he ever feel a softness towards her? It becomes more difficult to find/ Words at once true and kind. He wonders if their marriage was based on a lie or was it inevitably going to fail. Dannie Abses approach to love is different in comparison to Larkin Abse sees love as something to be treasured between him and his family. Where Larkin views love with a touch of cynicism, Abses poems demonstrate a purity and an equality.In The Malham Bird it did not matter that the couple are from different backgrounds you a Gentile and I a Jew Their relationship may have been unacceptable for the times but their love was all that mattered. The poem is littered with fond memories of when the couple first met Dear wife, remember our first illicit/holiday, the rented room, the hidden beach. Theirs was a romantic love. Abses couple are happy in contrast to the couples portrayed by Larkin in the above poems. Their shared register is full of warmth and mutual admiration. Where Larkins poems view love as a hindrance and something a man can do without, Abse firmly believes you need love above all else. In Postcard to his Wife, Abses portrayal is of a husband (himself) desperately missing his wife in her absence. He longs for them to shake off the day together. He wishes she would Make excuses so that she would be home with him. He loves her and enjoys her presence the opposite of Larkins idea of relationships. Abse feels there is a void in his life when his wife is not around and cannot patronise the heartache. The contrast between Larkin and Abses views on love and relationships are polar opposites.

Review of Carson’s Gagging of God

In The Gagging of paragon Christianity Confronts Pluralism, author D. A. Carson describes three categories of plural formism empirical, comforted, and philosophical or hermeneutical. i The offset deals with diversity in America and the multiplicity of beliefs. The moment, cherished pluralism, describes the approval of diversity as an unquestioned virtue. Finally, philosophical pluralism, under which religious pluralism falls, posits that no religion has the right to pronounce itself true and right. In different words, no religion can advance honor claims that ar superior to any different.Carson states that postmodernism is the anticipation that birthed philosophical pluralism. ii While I agree that pluralism is an important subject that benefits from the kind of attention given to it in the book, I believe the length of the book and the comprehensive nature of the material presented can make it nasty to follow at times. Furthermore, on several occasions the author seemed t o move to the wider margins of the topic. However, as the implications of pluralism are apt(p) and its integration with postmodernism significant, the information was extremely beneficial.The Christian must(prenominal) recognize empirical pluralism, tolerate cherished pluralism, precisely reject philosophical pluralism. We must recognize the diversity that exists in modern culture as Christians stimulate throughout history. While pluralism poses new challenges in the current day, Christians have always had to stand up for the truth of Christian believe against early(a) religions. parole was both inspired and written in a pluralistic context. However, even in the Old Testament God insisted that his plurality turn from the worship of other gods and other religions.For example, in Joshua 2415, Joshua gave the children of Israel a choice to either serve God or Baal. The prophet Elijah would later on give Israel the same choice in 1 Kings 1821. Throughout history, Gods sight hav e been reminded to be faithful to God as they were constantly surrounded by foreign gods and other religions. The same phenomenon applied during New Testament times. Christians resided in cities like Rome, Corinth and Antioch, Corinth, which were centers of diversity and multicultural exchange.They were surrounded by other world views, yet were constantly reminded that Jesus was the only way. This created a clash between Christians and other world views that would come to a head with the persecution of Christians. The Apostle Paul argued in the book of Acts that the true and living God superseded all other gods and preached Christianity against the backdrop of pluralism. There has been a need for Christians to do so ever since. Yet, period we reject philosophical and religious pluralism, in some cases, Christians are willing to cherish pluralism. In todays society, we cherish ethnic diversity.We welcome new members into our churches that come from various backgrounds even as God we lcomes worshippers from every nation, tribe, people and language. Carson states his purpose for writing, to equip Christians for fidelity to the gospel and encouraging unbelievers to find Jesus as Lord If anything in the following pages equips some Christians to intelligent, culturally sensitive, and passionate fidelity to the gospel of Jesus Christ, or if it encourages some serious-minded unbelievers to examine the foundations again and so to find that Jesus is Lord, I shall be profoundly grateful. iii In the book, Carson gives a comprehensive examination of pluralism. He takes the time to communicate with great detail on his positions and provides details that rise his understanding of the subject. Throughout, Carson intimates the tension between the opposing perspectives of the pluralist and the Christian. From the perspective of the pluralist, the Christian appears to be a religious bigot unless they are willing to redefine Christianity without connecting it with Scripture.Lik ewise, from the perspective of the Christian, The pluralist is a misguided idolater no matter how sincere they may be. iv The book is divided into four sections, which tackle the major issues affected by the three types of pluralism. In the first section, the author describes the influence of hermeneutics and how texts are invariably interpreted against the backdrop of the interpreters social home and the historical learn of the language itself. During this process, the interpreter takes bits of the text and deconstructs it to fit them into their own frame utilisation, which generates fresh insight.While this section also critiques postmodernism, Carson warns against enceinte the impression that modernism was a correct way of analyzing either the text or the world we live in. The second section deals with the philosophies of Derrida and Foucault that form the basis for postmodern thought, which is at odds with the Christian faith. While Carson opposes the idea of postmodernism, and criticizes the work of Foucault and Derrida, theologians such as James K. A. Smith, say thatCarson has misinterpreted their ideas and posits that they actually have an affinity with the central claims of Christianity. v The late German theologian, Karl Rahner recommended in his writings that dialogue should be used as the method by means of which plural theologies should strive for an understanding of each other. vi However, Carson intimates that the Christian needs to affirm that all interpretations are not equally valid because God has revealed Himself and spoken clearly and God has unfolded His plan of salvation and recorded it in Scripture.The terzetto section of the book attempts to assist Christians living in a pluralistic culture by giving an understanding of assumptions made in the public sphere and replacing those assumptions with biblical truth. As we live in a world where public morality has seemingly collapsed, religion seems to be based on belief and not on truth . Carson says that ethical divisions are made pragmatically, making proper Christian thought demand in making sense of the pluralistic world that we live in. vii The final section of the book says that the dish up to philosophical tolerance is the reiteration of Christian doctrine concerning the Second Coming and the nature of heaven and hell. Christians must have confidence in spreading this message in a compassionate way. However, it must be done with a sense of urgency, as the evangelism of our communities is paramount. Christians must have a deep conviction of the infallibility of Scripture and hold that it is inerrant and sufficient in order to both live a victorious life-time in a pluralistic society and to increase confidence in Christian doctrine. - i Carson, D. A. Grand Rapids, MI Zondervan, 2002, 13 ii Ibid, 19 iii Ibid, 10 iv Ibid, 238 v Smith, James, K. A. Whos Afraid of Postmodernism? Taking Derrida, Lyotard, and Foucault to Church (The Church and Postmodern Culture ). Grand Rapids, MI. bread maker Academic. 2006, 28 vi Fay, William Vendley. Pluralism and the theological methods of Karl Rahner A critical assessment. January 1, 1983. ETD Collection for Fordham University. Paper AAI8802369 vii Carson, D. A. Grand Rapids, MI Zondervan, 2002, 404

A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification Essay

A line of merchandise causa for an ISO 14001 Certification A Final Project Presented to the Faculty of the School of blood line In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of know of Science in Business Administration By Abstract of Thesis A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification By Problem In response to the raising aw arness of damage to the environment, a serial earthly concernation of bills for environmental management schemes c solelyed The ISO 14000 was introduced in 1996. It provides guidelines on the ingredients that an environmental management should necessarily posses and also on the documentation technologies.These standards were non so specific as regards to how it should be done rather it more emphasizes on what should be done. ISO 14000 is an environmental management standards designed to guarantee products and services to cover the minimum environmental impact. The ISO 14000 series takes the supranational standards system to the field of environmental concerns. ISO 14001 foc examples on the development and brinytenance of an environmental management System, at heart the ISO 14000 series. The ISO 14000 series is of congenatorly modern origin, having been instituted in 1991.However, it has emerged as a important force within a oblivious succession. The ISO 14000 series is relevant for the world of barter, for governments and regulators, for organizations that work not-for-profit and for entities of all types and sizes, wherever they may be. Its universal nature makes it a unique and dominant system for all people who argon concerned with pollution, waste and closely the drug addiction of resources that be exceptional and which hobonot be renewed. ISO 14000 promotes professional conduct. Training people and involving them in find impactes lie at the heart of the ISO 14000 system.The rigors of hallmark serve to develop human resources. It wad serve to motivate people at all levels of the hierarchy, and to foster team spirit. The ISO 14000 system is not limited to altruism and to noble intentions. It is worth clayey cash. ISO 14001 puts great pressure to bear on achieving productivity im spread outments that translate to valu open cost savings. Major worldwide corporations enjoy impressive profit growth through the ISO 14000 series. All ISO attestations carry the benefits of independent and international recognition.ISO attachment in to the field of environmental concerns through the 14000 series brings desirable pressure on companies that produce uncertain substances and which generate enormous amounts of waste. Customers everywhere get down the choice to insist on ISO 14000 certificates. Companies may find themselves excluded from substantive market segments if they continue to ignore or to avoid ISO 14000. Some organizations may find themselves out of condescension if they do not secure ISO 14000 certification. Apple leads a galaxy of the worlds roughly respected ent erprises in using ISO 14001 certification as a cornerstone of competitive strategy.Lithium ion battery technology is an example of innovation that a commitment to environmental conservation can present. Solutions inspired by ISO 14001 can take a leak welcome economic benefits, a spot from noble achievements in terms of environmental conservation. Reduction in energy consumption is an outstanding example, since power generation can be both expensive as well as polluting. ISO 14000 calls for abiding commitment on the luck of all entities that seek certification. The system consumes major portions of employee sequence.ISO 14000 commences a major element of cost, though it does produce hand several(prenominal) returns. The ISO 14000 series follows a highly merged implementation procedure. There is comprehensive documentation widely lendable that any organization can use to enter the system. Most organizations find it expedient to use consultants to guide them through the process . Independent auditors are inevitable. out-of-door auditors must be knowledgeable, experienced and accredited. ISO 14000 has important weaknesses. Loss of proprietary discipline is the well-nigh serious risk. show companies may find that their defenses vex been compromised in the level(p)t of litigation. This arises from the documentation and management reviews that are integral to ISO 14000. ISO 14000 leaves organizations forgo to choose their own goals, priorities and standards. It therefore lends itself to potential abuse by organizations that may push important kind concerns to the background, or to prevaricate about deleterious aspects of environmental degradation. Some organizations may not be able to fund the investments in time and money that ISO 14000 shoots.The benefits may therefore evade minor(ip) enterprises. ISO 14000 documentation penurys can also duplicate documentation that other systems and some regulations require. Training and audit infrastructure is unsatisfactory for widespread and spheric application of ISO 14000. Some organizations, in particular in remote regions can find themselves excluded though they may wish to enlist. ISO 14000 confines itself to the environment. It does not consider issues of human wellness. There are some society concerns that ISO 14000 does not address.It is not a guarantee of ethical act of an organization on all fronts. Business interests may be served best if companies were to use ISO 14000 for internal review, without going in for certification or even registration. It would then be an effective tool of risk management without opening the firm to unwelcome public scrutiny. As stated ISO 14000 can prove to be a significant undertaking that can working class the resources of any size organization, if the task is undertaken correctly and managed well the benefits lead outweigh the costs in many ways, from financial to organizational image.Method The Historical/Case shoot method is apply in this thesis. The study consists of real life crusades gathered from, various sources. These object lessonfuls are evaluated for relevance as well as content. Cases employ will be from varying sizes and types of organizations, public and private as well as local and international. progress research analysis by overview of the statistical research methods, selection of the sample and descriptive statistics is also use in this thesis as a corroborative evidence to substantiate the findings of this thesis.Conclusion This study has shown that ISO 14000 certification can tax the resources of organizations, but in the majority of cases the end result has proven that the benefits of certification clear the costs. The study of the data presented has demonstrated that, for most organizations, not implementing ISO 14000 can be often more costly than implementation. Recently several universities, including the University of Michigan, suspended contracts with Coca Cola on campuses (Dump coke at U of M, 2005). age several reasons are given for the suspension of contacts at the campuses including human rights violations, specifically mentioned is Environmental Devastation in India. Perception is key for business in todays global parsimoniousness, being able to prove environmental function as steward charge on the organizations behalf can result in the discharge or touch of business. Table of Contents Chapter No Headings Page No Chapter 1 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY AND INTRODUCTION 6 account of the Problem 7 Purpose of the theatre 10 Scope of the Study 11 principle of the Study 12 Definition of Terms 12.Overview of the Study 17 Chapter 2 REVIEW OF THE RELATED writings 2. 1 Introduction 21 2. 2 The Sustainability Imperative for Environmental Management 23 2. 3 visit Incentives for Environmental Management 25 2. 4 The Lines of Business 30 2. 5 Implemental aspects 31 2. 6 ISO 14000 and orbicular Trends 31 2. 7 ISO 14001 and Profits 34 2. 8 ISO 14001 and Seasonal Business 37 2. 9 ISO 14001 and Building Projects 39 2. 10 ISO 14001 and Equator Principles 40 2. 11 SME Experience with ISO 14001 41 2. 12 Summary of Benefits of Environmental Management Systems 44 2. 13 What is it? 46 2.14 Environmental Labeling and ISO 14000 50 2. 15 ISO 14001 for global Corporations 53 2. 16 ISO 14001 in Mergers and Acquisitions 58 2. 17 Detailing Product Life Cycles 58 2. 18 particularized Benefits That Business Can Expect From ISO 63 2. 19 ISO 9000 AND ISO 14000 65 Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY Approach 66 data Gathering Method 67 selective information Base of Study 68 Validity of Data 68 Originality and Limitation of Data 69 Summary 70 Chapter 4 DATA ANALYSIS 4. 1 BAXTER INTERNATIONAL INC 71 4. 2 ELI LILLY 72 4. 3 Beyond Compliance by Baxter and Eli Lilly. 74 4. 3. 1 EPA s 33 / 50 program 74.4. 3. 2 Responsible Care Compliance 75 4. 3. 3 gullible Products 75 4. 3. 4 Environment Audits 76 4. 4 An analysis of Environment compliance by Baxter and Lilly. 76 4. 5 Poli cy Dynamics 76 4. 6 Baxter International Inc and Environment Compliance 77 4. 6. 1 Baxters Environment Performance At a glance. 78 4. 6. 2 Green dramatics gunslinger Emission 80 4. 63 Reduction in Emissions in Carbon Di Oxide 81 4. 6. 4 Baxter Historical Performance as reported in 1997 81 4. 6. 5 Baxters Environment schedule through year 2010 81 4. 6. 6 Baxters Cost Savings due to Environmental initiatives 82 4. 6.7 Environment Performance Data of Baxter 83 4. 6. 8 Baxters Cost Reduction Datas 84 4. 6. 9 The Toxic Release Inventory and the 33/50 Program by Baxter and Lilly. 85 4. 7 Baxter and Lilly ISO 14000 -Response 86 4. 8 Blue Scope Steel and ISO 14000 86 4. 9 ISO 14000 & Rockwell Automation, Twinsburg Ohio 87 4. 10 P stand upi Color -Ohio 88 4. 11 Xerox Corporation 88 4. 12 IBM 88 4. 13 Carter Holt Harvey Tissue New Zealand 89 4. 14 3M Corporation 89 4. 15 Case studies of ISO 14001 Companies 91 4. 16 Coca-Cola 95 4. 17 Research Approach Methodological of Sample Collection 98 4.18 Methods of Resources 98 4. 19 Description of dependent and Independent variables Table -1 99 4. 20 Table 2- Entity Type one hundred one 4. 21 Table 3 Categories of NED 102 4. 22 Table 4-Multiple Regression results for test Of H1 through H 4. 103 Chapter 5 SUMMARY , RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSIONS 105 REFERENCES 118 List of Table and Charts Chapter No Headings Page No Chapter 4 4. 6. 1 Baxters Environment Performance At a glance. 78 4. 6. 2 Green House Gas Emission 80 4. 63 Reduction in Emissions in Carbon Di Oxide 81 4. 6. 6 Baxters Cost Savings due to Environmental initiatives 82.4. 6. 7 Environment Performance Data of Baxter 83 4. 6. 8 Baxters Cost Reduction Datas 84 4. 15 Case studies of ISO 14001 Companies 91 4. 19 Description of dependent and Independent variables Table -1 99 4. 20 Table 2- Entity Type 101 4. 21 Table 3 Categories of NED 102 4. 22 Table 4-Multiple Regression results for test Of H1 through H 4. 103 A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification A Case St udy Chapter 1 Importance of the study and Introduction some(prenominal) industries are trying very hard to change their public image as environmentally incompatible.The oil industry with its need to seek more sources, oft in wilderness fields, chemical companies which hold in in the departed legally launched toxic waste, the timber industries and the automotive industry which continues to produce large atom smasher guzzling SUVs and trucks are all very sensitive to public perception. Perception is very effectual and a conjunction does not want to be perceived as harmful to the environment or not environmentally friendly. Frequency of industrial accidents and media publicities such as the publication of Rachel Carsons Silent leaping (1962) highlighted the environmental consequences of unfettered industrialization .Respecting the public concerns the coupled States Congress has make several laws stipulating environmental standards and technologies for manufacturing compani es. unless after Rio Summit in 1992, the policy makers seem to urinate acceded the fact that the governmental coercion only if will not bring any success and right incentives must be provided to the industries. In recent years, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has launched voluntary beyond compliance programs such as Green Lights, Project XL and 33/50.The ISO 14000 certification system can be utilise as a tool to not yet say that are concerned about the environment, but to show what you subscribe been doing, are doing and will be doing to improve your performance. In doing so you should be able to add to your rotter line, both direct and indirect. As more and more of these companies will seek and obtain the ISO 14000 certification and they require suppliers to do so as well. This study seeks to contribute to the on-going debate within some sections of industry about the economics of ISO 14001. It is known that large corporations invest in registrations, oft en under duress from social activists. scarcely is there money to be gained by following the system? Can there be purely business reasons for seeking ISO 14001 certification? Can smaller enterprises participate? These are some of the questions that this study seeks to answer. Statement of the Problem The problem organizations deem a need to show environmental stewardship but what is the cost of doing so and how so they justify the cost to management and/or shareholders. Today companies and organizations face many financial challenges and to die hard in the global deliverance they must be fiscally responsible.There is also a need to be considered environmentally responsible and perceived as such. The ISO 14OOO series specifies beyond compliance management systems . These standards have been sponsored by the International Organization for Standardization, a Geneva -based non governmental organization . ISO 14000 could be viewed as an industrial code of practice that needs to be ce rtified by external auditors. Currently such certification costs about $ 20000 per eagerness. The cost has acted as a barrier for many financially weak corporations to have the ISO 14000 Certification for their facilities.Recently several universities, including the University of Michigan and New York University, suspended contracts with Coca Cola on campuses (Dump Coke at U of M, 2005). man several reasons are given for the suspension of contacts at the campuses including human rights violations, specifically mentioned is Environmental Devastation in India. Perception is key for business in todays global economy, being able to prove environmental responsibility and stewardship on the organizations behalf can result in the loss or gain of business.Most companies still have a choice whether to obtain certification or not and the best illustration for this is Baxter International Inc and Eli Lilly , a U. S based multinational Companies , the details are discussed in the Research Ana lysis chapter in this thesis. However, more and more must obtain certification to say their status in the supply chains of other companies. To ensure suppliers are meeting environmental benchmarks, manufacturers such as General Motors Corp, Ford Motor Co, DaimlerChrysler, IBM, Xerox, Honda Corporation, Toyota are requiring suppliers to be ISO 14001 certified.Generating environmentally damaging emissions and waste is often an indication of an un-optimized production process, and manufacturers that implement ISO 14001 requirements can realize improvements in efficiency and profitability and retain their positions in OEM supply chains. (Susan Gilbert-Miller n. d). It is very likely that both public and private demand for environmental responsibility will continue to enkindle the shift towards certification as proof of doing so.In the global economy today an ISO 14000 certification could become as important, to show a companys environmental responsibility, as ISO or QS 9000 is to sho w a commitment to quality. It may become a prerequisite to doing business with some companies and in more industries as it has in the automotive industry. The direct cost of certification can paradigm from a few thousand dollars for a small facility to hundreds of thousands for larger companies and millions for international companies. Presenting the business case for certification will be much easier if the benefits and cost reduction are included as part of the presentation.Purpose of the Study There are a number of excellent consulting services and other resources available at a cost, to help companies through the process of achieving certification. The key is the element of cost. In order to recover funds for consulting services or any other resources, you may have to justify your endeavor financially prior receiving any funding. Even if your company is capable of going through the process without any outdoor(a) resources there are still direct and indirect costs associated w ith the process, prior to hiring a certification company to conduct an audit.You will have to buy materials, pull people in full time and part time, audit and update records. Training will be required for employees and management. The purpose is to show that the costs associated with obtaining and applying an ISO 14000 certification as part of an Environmental Management System, can be exceeded by the benefits of doing so. The benefits are not just monetary, but also how the company is viewed in the public eye as well, which is increasingly important in todays global economy.Scope of the Study The majority of the top 100 companies in the United States have already achieved ISO 14000 certification. The identical trend exists in the European Union. The research will look at what is driving the movement towards certification. It will also look at what is required to become certified and to maintain that certification. This will be done through case studies of companies that have alre ady achieved certification, how it has affected their companies and in what ways.The main cogitate being that it makes good business sense, and the vindication thereof. The study concentrates on the business and profit reasons for ISO 14000 registrations, with tertiary scans of ethical issues and applicability of not-for-profit organizations. The study includes brief descriptions of all phases of the ISO 14001 process, with outlines of the various sections of the manual that is an integral part of the process. rule of the Study While a lot companies have already achieved ISO 14000 certification many more have not.One of the biggest factors in failure to achieve or to get the company to attempt certification, especially in small and medium size companies, is that often the appointed SME (subject matter expert) has little knowledge as to what is required. It is a task that is added to their current to do list and they are not given the proper resources or time to conduct a thoroug h study as to what needs to be done, the resources it will require and what is most important in some cases, R. O. I. (Return On Investment). This study will help to explain what is required, where to look for information and through case studies show that a positive R.O. I. can be achieved through ISO 14000 certification and the bread and butter of the certification. Definition of Terms Climate change An alteration to measured quantities (e. g. precipitation, temperature, radiation, wind and cloudiness) within the climate system that departs significantly from previous average conditions and is seen to endure, bringing about corresponding changes to ecosystems and socio-economic activity. Associated with greenhouse gas emissions, of which fossil fuel combustion and lumber decline are contributors.Code of Federal Regulations United Stated Code of Regulations, commonly referred to as CFR is a publication established by and Act of Congress. It documents all regulations issued by fe deral administrative agencies that have general applicability and legal effect. Ecological or Environmental sustainability This entails maintaining an ecosystem an adjacent ecosystem at the same or higher levels as the ecosystem in question to be able to maintain its productivity, adaptability and capacity for renewal. It requires that forest management respects, and builds on, natural processes.EMAS Eco-Management and Audit Scheme, In Europe the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) was created and many European countries made implementation of EMAS mandatory for many large manufacturing facilities. EMAS and ISO 14001 are not very different EMAS has two significant elements more than ISO 14001, namely a baseline environmental assessment and a public environmental performance report. Environmental Aspect An element of an organizations activities, products or services that can interact with the environment, whether it be in a positive of negative manner.Environmental Impact Any cha nge to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organizations activities, products or services. Gap Analysis One of the sign steps in successful implementation of ISO 14000 is gap analysis. The gap analysis looks at a facilitys written programs, policies, and procedures to see how they compare to the requirements of ISO 14000. Once this analysis is complete a guideline will be established to bring them into compliance to prepare for certificationGlobal Warming The term Global Warming refers to the observation that the atmosphere near the Earths surface is warming, without any implications for the cause or magnitude. This warming is one of many kinds of climate change that the Earth has gone through in the past and will continue to go through in the future. ISO 14000 ISO 14000 is a series of environmental management standards essential and published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for organizations. The ISO 14 000 standards provide a guideline or simulation for organizations that need to systematize and improve their environmental management efforts.The ISO 14000 standards are not designed to aid the enforcement of environmental laws and do not regulate the environmental activities of organizations. Adherence to these standards is voluntary. The ISO 14001 standard is the most important standard within the ISO 14000 series. ISO 14001 specifies the requirements of an environmental management system (EMS) for small to large organizations. An EMS is a systemic approach to handling environmental issues within an organization. The ISO 14001 standard is based on the Plan- watch over-Do-Review-Improve cycle.The Plan cycle deals with the beginning stages of an organization becoming ISO 14001-compliant. The Check cycle deals with checking and correcting errors. The Do cycle is the implementation and operation of the ISO 14001 standard within an organization. The Review cycle is a review of the ent ire process by the organizations top management. And the Improve cycle is a cycle that never ends as an organization continually finds ways to improve their EMS. The entire process can take several months to several years depending on the size of the organization.If an organization is already ISO 9000-certified, the implementation of ISO 14001 does not take as long. When an organization is compliant, they can either register with a terce-party registrar or self-declare their compliance. The ISO 14001 standard is the only ISO 14000 standard that allows an organization to be registered. ISO 9000 ISO 9000 is a series of standards, actual and published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), that define, establish, and maintain an effective quality assurance system for manufacturing and service industries.The ISO 9000 standard is the most widely known and has perhaps had the most impact of the 13,000 standards published by the ISO. It serves many different industr ies and organizations as a guide to quality products, service, and management. Kyoto Protocol It is a pact agreed on by governments at a United Nations Conference in Kyoto, Japan 1997 to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by developed countries by 5. 2 percent of 1990 levels during the five-year period 2008-2012. Eighty-four countries have signed the pact and 40 of have ratified it, according to U.N. data. Only one country, which has an emissions target, Romania, has ratified to date. LCA Life-Cycle Assessment is a systematic approach used to manage the environmental impacts of products and service systems, and it is applied at several levels. It tracks the entire life cycle of a product from inception to disposal and looks for environmental impact throughout and how that can be reduced. function Manufacturing Lean Manufacturing is an operational strategy oriented toward achieving the shortest executable cycle time by eliminating waste.It is derived from the Toyota Prod uction System and its key thrust is to increase the value-added work by eliminating waste and reducing incidental work. The technique often decreases the time between a customer order and shipment, and it is designed to radically improve profitability, customer satisfaction, throughput time, and employee morale (Lean Manufacturing, n. d). Overview of the Study The study will consider the attributes of ISO 14000 as an Environmental Management System. In this paper the main focus will be to define the quantitative as well as qualitative benefits for employing an EMS, in our case ISO 14000.While ISO 14000 will be the primary focus, other EMS systems will also be discussed as alternatives and for relative comparisons. The procedures for and the costs of implementation will also be looked at as part of the study. In the process case studies will be studied and discussed through the use of Internet searches, relevant case studies and publications as well as personal experience and intervi ews with others in the field. This study will attempt to provide methods for justification of perusing certification.It will also try to give an overview of the process for obtaining certification from the planning stage, through implementation, certification as well as the follow up and continuous improvement required to maintain certification. The good Rationale for Environmental Management Standards Concern for the environment is one of the hallmarks of social concerns during our times. Awareness has been growing since the last quarter of the 20th century. It has snowballed in to a major force. There are signs that countries and people will become increasingly demanding of all organizations with which to deal, in this respect.Though the first world is more influenced by concern for the environment, growth economies are also dragged in to the vortex of global opinion, as electronic media and desire for market entrance drive even poorer people to conform to conservation standard s. Pollution, use of uncivilized substances, non-degradable waste and consumption of limited natural resources are the four principal corners of environmental concerns. Pollution of air and water are most perceptible for lay people, but the effects of landfills can be equally devastating.Pesticides and organic solvents lead a series of chemicals with both acute and chronic effects. Mesothelioma is an example of a consequence of exposure to a hazardous substance, the fatal implications of which can surface after decades. Organochlorine pesticides persist in nature almost indefinitely. People at large have become very concerned about such residues and threats that surround them. Women and children are especially vulnerable. The conscious(predicate)ness among the public regarding pollution and hazardous material is of high now-a-days.There was protest in India during January, 2006 against the french governments decision to send a decommissioned battleship and military air craft bea rer Clemenceau allegedly containing toxic wastes to a ship-breaking yard at Alang on the Coast of Gujarat ,in India. Green peace activists claimed the ship was loaded with hundreds of tones of toxic wastes, including 500 tones of asbestos alone and it was a violation of international Basel convention on pot of hazardous materials. Greenpeace activists claimed that Clemenceau is French property containing hazardous waste on ship and can not allowed to dump this hazardous waste in India .Yielding to the pressure , the French Government finally recalled its decision to potato chip the ship in India . The concept of supply chains has spurred thoughts about life cycle analysis. Exhaustive labeling requirements have made people more generally aware that an innocuous finished product may concern the use of hazardous substances. Processed foods are common examples of convenience products that may contain harmful ingredients and sources of transmission system and contamination. This matt er also leads to consideration of packaging materials that have been traditionally taken for granted.Consumers are now aware that products made from paper can involve the destruction of forest cover, while plastic has acquired a ill-famed image for its persistence. This applies to tin and other metals as well. Mercury and other heavy metals in batteries and electronic products are also causes of concern. Clean water has been in acute shortage in many parts of the third world for some time now, but even developed economies have begun to worry about large use of this precious resource, Ground water contamination and depletion of the ozone layer are other matters that engage much common attention.Large corporations that generate profits are prime targets for pressures to develop environmental management standards. Companies, whose trading operations transcend national boundaries, have to be especially careful of their environmental footprints. However, government, social service or ganizations and small business may all affect the environment in serious and indelible ways. Hence it is possible that environmental management programs may become increasingly universal with the passage of time. It may be think that there is a strong ethical foundation for environmental concerns.All organizations regardless of their size, nature and location, will be subject to pressures to monitor their environmental impacts, and to find ways of reducing or even eliminating all harmful implications of their transactions. The ethical rationale has a firm linkage with business reasons for ISO 14000 certifications, as there are societal trends that it soon become a pre-requisite for continuing to be in business. Chapter 2 Review of tie in Literature 2. 1 Introduction Business survival in todays global economy is difficult at best.Today business look for advantage in every possible area and lean manufacturing programs like Six Sigma with its belts levels to parallel karate, Kaizen, 5S and many others have become not just popular but an integral part of maintaining and doing business. How does an Environmental Management System fit into the Lean Culture of business? That is the question that will be studied in this paper through the review of related literature, case studies, interviews, technical periodicals and Internet sources. An overview of lean manufacturing concepts will be given with the focus on integrating an E. M. S.into a companies existing lean program or as part of the implementation of a lean program. While other Environmental Management Systems will be referenced, I. S. O 14000 case studies and statistics will be used in this study. In the United States and the rest of the world I. S. O. 14000 is a recognized standard for Environmental Management Systems, much the same as ISO 9000 is for quality systems. The literature reviewed in this paper was selected for relevance to either a single topic, Lean Manufacturing, I. S. O. 14000 or the integratio n of the EMS into the lean manufacturing system and will be reviewed in that order.By the process of lean manufacturing, Toyota, the world greatest manufacturer, consistently makes the highest quality cars with the fewest defects of any competing manufacturer by using fewer man-hours, less on-hand inventory and half the floor space of its competitors.