Functions of political parties

Great Gatsby Quote Analysis Essays

Great Gatsby Quote Analysis Essays Great Gatsby Quote Analysis Paper Great Gatsby Quote Analysis Paper Triple Entry Notebook -July 4, 2014 F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby. Chapters 1-2. 1 . In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that Ive been turning over in my mind ever since. Whenever you feel like criticizing any one, he told me, Just remember that all the people in this world havent had the advantages that youve had. (1) 2. And so with the sunshine and the great bursts of leaves growing on the trees, Just as things grow in fast movies, I had that familiar conviction that life was beginning ever again with the summer. 12) 3. Well, these books are all scientific, Insisted Tom, glancing at her Impatiently. This fellow has worked out the whole thing. Its up to us, who are the dominant race, to watch out or these other races will take control of things. (20) : 1. This quote begins near the start of the novel. Nicks father tells Nick that before he judges anyone he should keep in mind that not everyone has had as many advantages as he had. What this means is that Nick should be empathetic to others and consider their upbringing before chastising them. Nick says that his fathers advice has been in his head wrought his entire life since he first heard it. This makes me think that Nick swears by this advice and carefully adheres to it throughout his life. I want to know more about Nick and If he really does follow this advice because it seems like a very hard quote to stand by. 2. This quote Just makes me want to know even more about Nick than before. The quote makes me think that perhaps this summer is Nicks chance to be successful at something and that he wants to change something about his life. It is also telling us that the novel will be set (or at least start) in summer. The time this book was set in as the roaring twenties and the most exciting things happen in summer such as parties and going outside. This makes me think that the book will be very exciting and enjoyable to read. I can really picture the setting that Fitzgerald is setting because of the exciting, vivid imagery (And so with the sunshine and the great bursts of leaves growing In the trees ). 3. My pollen of Tom Is already very poor because of this quote. After reading this quote my mental Image of Tom is an Ignorant, arrogant, and racist man. He seems like a pseudo-intellectual and tries to sound smart by Insisting that his pollen on there races is well founded by scientific books. I feel like he already felt that he was books simply provide assurance and gives him an excuse to think this way. I think that Tom will be one of the significant characters in this narrative because hes rich, powerful and lives close the main character, Nick. His arrogance will probably lead to conflicts later on. Group Discussion: -Daisy knows that Tom is cheating on her but refuses to acknowledge it because she feels a sense of duty towards him since shes his wife. This is because of societies view on women during this time period, men had more power and women were expected to look after their husband and stay with him through thick and thin. Gatsby is a mysterious character that nobody actually Knows. The only thing people have heard about Gatsby are rumors and it makes the reader want to know even more about Gatsby -Daisy cynically says that she wants her daughter to grow up pretty and dumb Just like her. She says this because in their society the only way for a woman to be rich and live a comfortable life is to be attractive enough to be a rich mans wife or to be born into. -After hearing a few more thoughts on Daisy my opinion of Daisy changed. I still think that she is careless and very materialistic but now she has a good reason to in my mind. There are not a lot of options for women in this setting so I cant really blame her for being the way she is. Triple Entry Notebook -July 7, 2014 Chapters 3-7. 1 . The caterwauling horns had reached a crescendo and I turned away and cut across the lawn toward home. I glanced back once. A wafer of a moon was shining over Gatsby house, making the night fine as before, sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation he figure of the host, who stood on the porch, his hand up in a formal gesture of farewell. (51) 2. I am one of the few honest people that I have ever known (54) 3. The truth was that Jay Gatsby, of West Egg, Long Island, sprang from his Platonic conception of himself. He was a son of God?a phrase which, if it means anything, means Just that?and he must be about His Fathers business, the service of a vast, vulgar, and meretricious beauty. So he invented Just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen year old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end. (82) 1. This quote, to me, truly illustrates how fake Gatsby life is and how lonely he is. After the exciting and extravagant party Gatsby silently waves good-bye at his guests. He barely participates in his own parties and it seems like he Just throws the parties because he feels like thats what he should be doing with his excess money. Gatsby has these parties every weekend and no one even knows who he is yet. Throughout the party people Just talk about the newest rumor they heard about Gatsby. Gatsby never meets with anyone and actually talks to them. To his party goers hes Just the mysterious guy who throws the party. Putting this all together I think that Gatsby is very lonely because he does not have any friends and probably feels incredibly isolated and lonely inside his gigantic house. 2. Nick is being hypocritical when he says that hes one of the few honest people hes ever met. He is pursuing Jordan while writing love notes to a girl back at his old home. He is basically tricking/lying both of these girls and is anything but honest. Before this I placed a lot of trust in Nick. He seems to be a spectator in this book rather than an actual character. All he does is stand by quietly and make silent observations unless someone talks to him first. After reading Nicks lie I am going to be more careful and stop blindly trusting everything Nick tells us about whats going on in his life. I can relate to what Nick says about everybody thinking they have at least one good virtue to themselves. Nobody is perfect and they know that so they try to find a redeeming quality in themselves. 3. Gatsby has longed for the American dream since he was a teenage boy. He saw that his parents were poor and looked down at them. He did not want to be as poor as they are and so he invents a new name and persona for himself. James Gate is poor and imperfect whereas Jay Gatsby is rich and powerful. Its not uncommon for the average person to dream about being rich and powerful but the fact that Gatsby followed through with his hopes and dreams to the very end is admirable. I understand that he doesnt want to be poor anymore but he should have at least appreciated his parents for raising him to the best of their abilities. -Tom freaking after Daisys affair with Gatsby was unjustified. He was perfectly okay with openly cheating on Daisy with Myrtle but once she cheats on him he becomes distraught and feels that he didnt deserve it. He feels this way because of the way their society has placed man and woman. -Nicks comment about him being one of the few honest people he has ever met is a change. Throughout the novel so far he always puts himself down and is incredibly modest.   Is this significant? Does it symbolize a change in Nicks character or has he always Just felt this way? -The scene where Nick describes Gatsby amazing smile tells us that Gatsby appears a very charismatic man. Even though Nick says Gatsby has one of the most genuine smiles hes ever seen I still doubt that Gatsby was actually smiling. I think that he smiles the way rich people will smile Just like how he throws parties the way he thinks rich people throw them. Triple Entry Notebook July 8, 2014 Chapters 8-9. 1 . Theyre a rotten crowd, I shouted across the lawn. Youre worth the whole damn bunch put together. Ive always been glad I said that. It was the only compliment I ever gave him, because I disapproved of him from beginning to end. First he nodded politely, and then his face broke into that radiant and understanding smile, as if wed been in ecstatic cahoots on that fact all the time. (124) 2. They were careless people, Tom and Daisy?they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made. (143) 3. And as I sat there brooding on the old, unknown world, I thought of Gatsby wonder when he first picked out the green light at the end of Daisys dock. He had come a long way to this blue lawn, and his dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him, nowhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city, where the dark fields of the republic rolled on under the night. Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgiastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but thats no matter tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther And one fine morning So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. (144) 1. This is a very strong statement/compliment from Nick. First of all Nick has never given a compliment to Gatsby so it sounds very genuine. Second of all this is the first mime Nick has made an open Judgment after keeping all his thoughts to himself rich that he has lost his innocence and more aware of how the real world is. I think that after reading Nicks experiences he is fully Justified in what he says and the rich (in the story) truly are rotten people and Gatsby is the only redeeming person out of all of them. 2. Tom and Daisy are incredibly inconsiderate and empathetic. They are used to getting what they want all the time and so they have become this way. They create a huge mess and expect other people to handle the cleanup. At this point of the novel I Lully dislike the Buchannan, more so Tom than Daisy though. I was shocked at how little Daisy seemed to actually care about Gatsby. After reading about how she almost cancelled her wedding with Tom after she received a letter from Gatsby or how she proclaimed that she loved him after their reunion I could not believe that she did not even go to the funeral or even call. I understand that she is probably shocked by all the events that happened (the car crash + Gatsby death most of all) but all she is doing now is trying to forget about it completely and move on with her life like nothing happened. I did not expect Tom to care or even acknowledge that he was at fault for Gatsby death but I expected more from Daisy. 3. This is the last line of the novel. Nick has come to the realization that the American dream is simply that, a dream. He has witnessed the darkness and sadness in pursuing the American dream. He sees that the Buchannan are an extremely dysfunctional and unhappy family even though they seem to have it all, he sees Gatsby struggle in obtaining the dream. Gatsby had almost achieved the perfect American dream in his mind. All he needed was Daisy and his dream would be complete. Well turns out that through all his years of pursuing the dream he had built up Daisy so much in his head that she could not possibly live up to his expectations. Once he finally had Daisy he should have been happy but he wasnt, all he felt was disappointment. I think that the American dream exists because the prize is amazing. In addition as Nick says, everyday it seems that we are closer to obtaining it so we try harder and harder to obtain it in the hopes that one day well wake up and have it. I think becaus e of the events Nick went through he became corrupted and cynical of the world. Gatsby lived in the past and thats one of the reasons why he couldnt achieve his American dream. He was chasing something that was not there anymore -It was sad to see Gatsby watching out for Daisy at her house to ensure her safety and take the blame for hitting Myrtle. He truly loved her and I think at the moment where he saw Daisy acting like nothing happened, eating fried chicken with Tom was the moment that he realized that she did not love him as much as he thought she did. -Nick has seen the dark side of the rich and because of this he has been internally corrupted

CASE STUDY ON HAITIAN CULTURE Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

ON HAITIAN CULTURE - Case Study Example vies of homosexuality, possible reactions from Ronald’s parents, cultural congruent strategies to address in designing HIV prevention strategies in the Haitian community. The Haitian dominant culture is based on the Voodoo religion that accepts homosexuality. According to the culture, any sexual orientation is acceptable. There are however contemporary divergent views of homosexuality as some members of the culture are opposing homosexuality. Christian is however the basis of the opposition against homosexuality in the Haitian culture. Appert explains that Haitians have associated calamities that they face with the Voodoo culture and argued that a transition to Christian values would relinquish the nation’s calamities (2011, pp. 59, 60). Even though no legal provision prohibits homosexuality, very few Haitians support the sexual orientation and the religious orientation, about 80 percent of Haitians being Catholics, explains the little support. Homosexuals have also often faced persecution because of their sexual orientation (Podcast, 2013, pp. 1). If Ronald’s parents learnt of his HIV status and they were religious, they would condemn him for his promiscuous behavior, especially because the religious orientation does not support his sexual orientation. The fact that Ronald is not yet married would also identify his HIV status with sin, despite his sexual orientation. His parents would therefore have a negative attitude towards him for going against God’s commands. The fact that Haitians have associated calamities with sins would motivate the parents’ negative attitude because they would fear God’s wrath (Appert, 2011, pp. 59, 60). Religious command for forgiveness would however mediate the negative attitude, but a level of stigma is likely. Being traditional, Ronald’s parents would be indifferent regarding their son’s actins into contracting HIV because the traditional values accept all forms of sexual orientation. The liberal perspective would

What do you consider to be the core concepts of socialism as an Essay

What do you consider to be the core concepts of socialism as an ideology - Essay Example Despite the emergence of political and economic ideologies in various countries to initiate progressive change and uplift ordinary citizens from poverty, some leaders still practice dictatorship and absolute monarchy thus stunting their country’s growth and development. There are various core concepts of socialism that defines it as an ideology. For example, it has the economic system structured in way that workers participate in a collective means of production. This technique often adopts the social ownership means of producing goods and services while engaging in cooperative management for the benefit of the economy. Similarly, by being a social ownership, socialism deals with common ownership, cooperative enterprises and state ownership. Contrastingly, as a core concept of being an economic system, the socialist ideology focuses on market planning to ensure that institutions have a productive means of serving the interests of the citizen (Carter 2003, p. 110). On that note , socialism tackles different forms of economy under the concept of the economic system to find a balance with a capitalist state that usually fleeces its citizens through serious competitive machinations. There is the planned economy where the means of production is mixed with public ownership to permit distribution and coordination and also facilitate economic planning. This differs fundamentally with the defining features of capitalism because a planned economy has two forms of planning namely the centralized and decentralized planning. Consequently, to boost production, Marxists Leninists adopted the central planning to expand the economy. However, Trotskyites preferred the decentralized planning because they felt that it could be coordinated efficiently to serve all people and also support the local economic conditions. Under the concept of the economic system, socialism is also connected to the self managed economy where only autonomous units are allowed to conduct self-regula tion and other forms of decision making (Freeden et al 2013, p. 156). This model is exemplified by a cooperative economy that connects well with a free market economy unlike in the decentralized system in the planned economy. It equally encourages the application of computers in the management of economic units because it augurs well with the new generation of workers in participatory economics. Another core concept of socialism as an ideology is it being a political theory. In other words, it is both a political philosophy and a political movement unlike its counterpart, capitalism that is fundamental economic based. In that view, it aims for a socialist state where organizations and political parties are all socialist and hence connect to socioeconomic system. Karl Mark and Friedrich Engels remain its pioneer economic theorists who castigated capitalism for its obsoleteness and lack of sustainability to enable economies prosper in the 10th century. They argued that only socialism with the concept of a political theory would overcome the contradictions of capitalism by ensuring that the working class developed a consciousness to rebel against the wage slavery (Soborski 2013, p. 180). As a result a classless society would emerge and end capitalism with its inequalities particularly its grip on production by a few industrialists. The displacement of capitalism as a core concept was also manifested in giving

Unit 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Unit 6 - Essay Example Lastly, David (2011) indicates that the domestic and the international events have not ceased to augment. The organizations are being affected by these changes to a great extent; thus, making it difficult to achieve strategic evaluation. These aspects have made the set strategies impossible to implement. Even with the constant search for information, strategic evaluation has not proven to be the best measure to curb the challenges that face the organizations today. David (2011) also says that these challenges have made strategic evaluation not assess its performance effectively, as well as take the right measures that would see the survival of the organizations. An analysis of the objectives of the strategic evaluators would be a perfect move to limit these challenges. For successful contingency planning, Rao, Rao & Sivaramakrishna (2009) recommend seven steps. The first step involves identifying the favorable and unfit factors that could lead to the set strategy failing (Rao, Rao & Sivaramakrishna, 2009). Secondly, the authors indicate that is advisable to denote the factors that would elicit effects on the set strategy (Rao, Rao & Sivaramakrishna, 2009). This is to mean when the contingent events are expected to take place. Thirdly, an assessment of the implications of every contingent event is good for contingency planning (Rao, Rao & Sivaramakrishna, 2009). This step would place the planners at a good position to estimate the expected benefits and losses that could occur from the selected events. The fourth step entails designing contingent plans, then evaluating the counter effects of the selected contingency plan so as to identify which plans are the best and which ones should be overlooked (Rao, Rao & Sivaramakrishna, 2009). The sixth step involves determining the warning signals in an opportune time so as to counter them appropriately. Lastly, Rao, Rao & Sivaramakrishna (2009) indicate that developing plans to

Judicial Review problem question essay

Judicial Review problem question essay Judicial Review problem question (3000 words) Part 1 The first significant area for consideration in this scenario is whether Jack will be granted permission to proceed with his application for judicial review. He is seeking review of a decision by an internal disciplinary tribunal that he be dismissed for unprofessional conduct. The tribunal found unanimously in favour of dismissing Jack. In order to assess whether Jack will be permitted to pursue his claim for review, the nature of jusidical review must briefly be considered. Following the Bowman Report of 2000, in the light of Lord Woolfe’s recommendations for law reform, the regime of judicial review has been altered in certain ways. The 1977 reforms of the procedure did not state expressly that judicial review was an exclusive procedure.[1] It was in the case of O’reilly v Mackman (1983) that the court considered the issue of exclusivity. In this case, the House of Lords held that it would be contrary to public policy to allow an applicant to seek to enforce public l aw rights by way of ordinary action rather than by way of judicial review. In the present instance, then, it must be considered whether the decision of the tribunal is a public or a private law matter. The ruling of the House of Lords in this case means that procedural exclusivity exists in cases of public law. In order to assess whether Jack’s case is one of public law, the common law must be considered in this area. In Cocks v Thanet District Council (1983), the House of Lords held that under the relevant Act in the case, the Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977, the housing authorities’ functions were essentially public law functions. These functions included deciding whether they had a duty to house the applicant under the 1977 Act. It was only after this decision had been made, and if it was considered that such a duty did exist, that private rights and obligations would arise. In Roy v Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Family Practitioner Committee (1992), the House of Lords held that an issue was concerned exclusively with a public right should be determined in judicial review proceedings. This strict application of the exclusivity principle, however, has been superceded by the more liberal approach characterised in the decision of Clark v University of Lincolnshire and Humberside (2000). In his judgement, Lord Woolfe explained the effects of the new Civil Procedure Rules on the rule in O’reilly v Mackman. â€Å"The intention of the CPR is to harmonise procedures as far as possible and to avoid barren procedural disputes which generate satellite litigation.†[2] The important question has become whether failure to follow the correct procedure amounts to abuse of process of court. In the present case, then, the question of whether this matter is properly described as public law or private law is of the utmost significance. As long as Jack can satisfy the court that the functions of the tribunal are public law ones, he will most likely be granted permission to proceed with his claim. This, however, may be difficult. In R v Legal Aid Board, ex p Donn Co (1996), Ognall J stated that ‘there can be no universal test’ for deciding whether a matter is properly described as public law. If the tribunal is a public body, it will have derived its authority from statute or delegated legislation (as opposed to deriving powers from the agreement of those who are subject to the body). Some guidance as to what would constitute a public body was offered by the Court of Appeal in R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex p Aga Khan (1993). Here it was held that although the Jockey Club regulated a significant national activity, it did not properly constitu te a public body, as it was not mentioned in statute, and its powers were simply over those who agreed to be bound by it. In Jack’s case, however, the tribunal does indeed derive its powers from statute. Furthermore, following R v Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex p Datafin plc (1987), the court should look to the nature of the functions the body performs, as well as its origins. The functions of the tribunal will be considered to be public law functions, and so in the light of the doctrine of exclusivity, Jack will be granted permission to proceed with his claim for judicial review. Part 2 There are various grounds that may arise for Jack to pursue his claim for judicial review in the scenario. Firstly, Jack is told by the tribunal that he may not have legal representation present. Furthermore, although he is entitled to have a friend or relative present at the proceedings, this person must not be legally qualified. Is this a breach of protocol? In other words, does Jack have a right to be represented at the Tribunal? It is established at common law that no such right exists. In the case of R v Board of Visitors of HM Prison, the Maze, ex p Hone, the appellants claimed that the Board’s refusal to allow them to be legally represented at the disciplinary proceedings was counter to natural justice. Lord Goff, however, said â€Å"it does not follow that simply because a charge before a disciplinary tribunal †¦ relates to facts which in law constitute a crime, the rules of natural justice require the tribunal to grant legal representation.’ According to this analysis, then, Jack does not necessarily have a right to legal representation. Whether legal representation is granted is a matter, in this instance, for the tribunal to decide. In doing so, it must take into account a number of factors. These include whether there are complex matters of law at issue (which it does not appear there are in this case); and whether Jack is incapable of presenting his own case. If fairness dictated that Jack should be allowed representation for either of these reasons, then of course he should be, but the tribunal appears to have acted within its rights to deny him this representation in the present instance. Lord Denning highlighted this principle in Pett v Greyhound Racing Association (1969): ‘It is not every man who has the ability to defend himself on his own †¦ He may be tongue-tied or nervous, confused or wanting in intelligence.† Jack’s tribunal could make a case for denying Jack representation, and this is not there fore a suitable ground for his claim for judicial review. The second issue relates to the tribunal’s decision to limit Jack’s witnesses to five, as opposed to the ten he originally sought to act as character witnesses. There are two possible avenues which Jack could proceed down with this. The decision can be identified as falling within, perhaps, one of the original categories of grounds for judicial review as set out by Lord Diplock in Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service (1985). This ground was irrationality, which was likened in that case to the principle of unreasonableness identified in the other key case for judicial review, Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation (1948). This principle of irrationality applied, in Lord Diplock’s words, to ‘a decision which I so outrageous in its defiance of logic or of accepted moral standards that no sensible person who has applied his mind to the question to be decided would have arrived at it.’[3] This was ada pted and mollified somewhat by Lord Cooke in R v Chief Constable of Sussex, ex p International Trader’s Ferry Ltd (1999), who asked ‘whether the decision in question was one which a reasonable authority would reach.’ The problem of proceeding down this avenue, for Jack, is the high standard of proof which Jack must meet in order to be successful in his claim. He would need to show that the decision to limit his witnesses to five would not be reached by any reasonable person. Lord Ackner identified the reason for this high level of proof as being that judicial review is a supervisory process, not an appellate jurisdiction (R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Brind (1991)). It seems unlikely that Jack would succeed in establishing that this decision on the part of the tribunal was so irrational as to be worthy of judicial review. He would more likely be successful following the second potential avenue in relation to this decision of the tribunal; that of procedural impropriety, which was also one of the original grounds for judicial review identified in the GCHQ Case. This phrase encompasses both the breach of statutorily defined procedural rules, and also the breach of common law rules of natural justice. Jack’s claim in this area will depend in part on the procedural rules set out in the relevant statute governing employment tribunals. If the tribunal has not complied with statutory provisions by limiting Jack’s witnesses to five, it will be considered to have acted ultra vires. In this case, the tribunal has met with its statutory obligation under the Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992, s10 to give reasons for its decision to limit the number of witnesses to five for each side (‘it would not be administratively expedient to allow the calling of such a large number of witnesses, particular ly as it is the view of the tribunal that many of the witnesses would not provide evidence which would have a material impact upon the outcome of the proceedings’). It is a central principle of natural justice that Jack must be entitled to a fair hearing. It is in this area that Jack has the best chance of securing judicial review of the employment tribunal’s decision. Firstly, in relation to the composition of the panel, Jack has a valid complaint against the inclusion of a member of staff with whom he had a relationship that ended acrimoniously. This instantly raises the possibility of bias in the tribunal panel. English courts have developed two tests for bias, based on reasonable suspicion, and on real likelihood. In R v Gough (1993), however, it was held that the same test should be applicable in all cases of apparent bias. This test is whether there is a real danger of bias. Given the nature of the woman’s previous relationship to Jack, it is fair to suggest that there is a real danger of bias. This, then, according to the Gough test (despite subsequent challenges to that test in cases such as Porter v Magill (2002)), would g ive Jack a strong ground for seeking judicial review. Part 3 The grounds under which Jack might be able to pursue his claim for judicial review have been considered. Purely on the grounds for judicial review, Jack’s best chance of success lies with the danger of bias in the composition of the panel in the tribunal, given that one of his ex-girlfriends is a member of it. Jack might well, however, be able to strengthen his claim by supporting it with Human Rights Act claims. The impact of this will be considered on each of the possible grounds for review outlined above. Firstly, in respect of the decision by the tribunal not to allow Jack to be legally represented, it is possible that although this is not necessarily improper in itself, it may be a breach of Jack’s human rights as encompassed in the European Convention on Human Rights, incorporated into English law by the Human Rights Act 1998. The relevant article of the Convention is Article 6, which guarantees the right to a fair hearing. This entitles Jack, ‘in the determination of his civil rights and obligations †¦ to a fair and public hearing.’[4] Firstly, does this cover tribunals of the sort Jack is involved in? In the case of Ringeisen v Austria (1971), the European Court held that Article 6(1) covers all proceedings whose result affects private rights and obligations. In the present instance, Jack’s right to continue working as a teacher is to be determined by the outcome of the tribunal. It seems then, that his case is at least covered by the Article. The Article only confirms that Jack would have a right to legal representation, however, if he were charged with a criminal offence. ‘Everyone charged with a criminal has the following minimal rights †¦ to defend himself in person or through legal assistance †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢[5] This, however, is merely a civil offence, so once again, there is no guarantee that Jack should be granted legal representation under the ECHR. The same Article of the Convention is also applicable, however, to the composition of the tribunal panel as well as the manner in which the tribunal was conducted. Firstly, the Article guarantees the right to a ‘fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢[6] In the European Court case of Langborger v Sweden (1989), the Court established that ‘even if individuals are technically qualified to address a given issue and even if there is no subjective reason to doubt their personal integrity, it is important that the appearance of objective impartiality and independence is observed.’[7] More specifically, in the case of Sramek v Austria (1984), those adjudicating a particular matter cannot be seen to have a relationship with any of the parties. This case law clearly impacts upon Jack’s case, as the previous relationship he had with the female member of the panel can be seen to breach this principle of f airness and impartiality, despite her assurances that the history had no effect on her judgment. Furthermore, also under Article 6(1), the court or tribunal is required to give reasons for its decisions. Jack’s employment tribunal met this requirement insofar as it gave reasons for its refusal to allow Jack more than five witnesses, but it must also have given reasons for its unanimous decision to dismiss Jack. Perhaps linked to this is Jack’s right under the same Article to a ‘fair hearing’. The fact that Jack noticed one of the panel was falling asleep during his defence hardly seems commensurate with this principle. He could conceivably, then, mount a challenge to the decision of the tribunal based on human rights claims under Article 6 of the ECHR. He would have two substantial avenues of challenge; firstly the impartiality of the tribunal could be called into question due to its inclusion of Jack’s ex-girlfriend. Secondly, the conduct of the tribunal itself, particularly the fact that a member of the panel was falling asleep during Jackâ₠¬â„¢s submission, suggests Jack would have a valid claim for breach of his rights. In this scenario, then, Jack would be able to establish grounds for his claim for judicial review. The tribunal is exercising a quasi-judicial function, and would be properly categorised as a public law function. As such, judicial review is the proper way to proceed to challenge its decisions. In terms of actual grounds for review, Jack’s best chances lie with the composition of the panel. The inclusion of his ex-girlfriend, despite the panel’s claim to the contrary, could be seen to have an adverse effect on the impartiality of the panel. Again, the falling asleep of one of the panel’s members during Jack’s presentation also gives ground for judicial review due to procedural impropriety. It seems the panel has acted within its rights to deny legal representation to Jack. Nor is this legal representation guaranteed under human rights legislation, as this is clearly a civil matter, while the ECHR only guarantees legal representation in criminal cases. Again , in the context of the Human Rights Act 1998, Jack’s best chances of mounting a strong case for breach of his rights lies in the composition of the panel and the conduct of the hearing. These seem to have constituted potential breaches of Article 6 of the ECHR. BIBLIOGRAPHY Statutes Civil Procedure Rules 1999 European Convention on Human Rights Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977 Human Rights Act 1998 Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 Cases Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 Clark v University of Lincolnshire and Humberside [2000] 3 All ER 752 Cocks v Thanet District Council [1983] 2 AC 286 Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374 Langborger v Sweden (1989) O’reilly v Mackman [1983] 2 AC 237 Pett v Greyhound Racing Association [1969] 1 QB 125 Porter v Magill [2001] UKHL 67 R v Board of Visitors of HM Prison, the Maze, ex p Hone [1988] AC 379 R v Chief Constable of Sussex, ex p International Trader’s Ferry Ltd [1999] 2 AC 418 R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex p Aga Khan [1993] 2 All ER 853 R v Gough [1993] AC 646 R v Legal Aid Board, ex p Donn Co [1996] 3 All ER 1 R v Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex p Datafin plc [1987] QB 815 R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Brind [1991] 1 AC 696 Ringeisen v Austria (1971) Roy v Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Family Practitioner Committee [1992] 1 AC 624 Sramek v Austria (1984) Secondary sources Gomien, D. (2005) Short Guide to the European Convention on Human Rights (Strasbourg: Council of Europe) Leyland, P., and Woods, T. (2002) Textbook on Administrative Law, 4th Edition (Oxford: OUP) Parpworth, N. (2004) Constitutional and Administrative Law, 3rd Edition (London: LexisNexis) Footnotes [1] See, for example, Parpworth, N. (2004) Constitutional and Administrative Law, 3rd Edition (London: LexisNexis), p264 [2] Quoted in Parpworth, p270 [3] Quoted ibid, p309 [4] European Convention on Human Rights, Article 6(1) [5] Ibid, Article 6(3)(c) [6] Ibid, Article 6(1) [7] Quoted in Gomien, D. (2005) Short Guide to the European Convention on Human Rights (Strasbourg: Council of Europe), p56

How September 11th Changed American Culture Essay -- September 11 Terr

As Americans, we used to worry little about war, having enough to eat, travel, freedom, and our most basic everyday activities. The tragic events of September 11, 2001 have forever changed the American way of life. We have become more concerned with our physical safety because of the endless terror attacks in America and other countries. Americans have certainly become more patriotic since September 11. Many of us watch the news to learn of any new terror attack or major offensive against cities in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, a variety of countries in Africa, Yemen and numerous other locations. The stock exchange hit bottom on September 21 in the 8100 range and is now back over 17,000 (Pellegrini). Oil prices have been dropping, which will help to boost our slowing economy. Unemployment rates will unfortunately probably remain the same. "Manpower, Inc. said Monday that its survey of United States companies' hiring intentions for the first three months of the year barely regist ered a pulse, but our commitment together to boost the nation's economy will ensure a bright future. America's future seems to be based on our new ideas formed since September 11, but yet we still carry on the problems of the past. There is still many Americans living in poverty. There is still illegal drugs that infest our nation with addiction and crime that encircles the drug trade. There are many children not getting a good education and many of whom who are fearful of violence at our schools. It is up to us as Americans to face these problems head on now more than ever before. The nation's most important problems to tackle and change are our illegal drug problem, the lack of good education for those of all ages, and to end the terrorist s... ... An Autopsy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. McGeary, Johanna. "The Taliban Troubles." Time 1 Oct 2001: 14. National Center of Educational Statistics. government. 18 Nov 2001. National Center of Educational Statistics. government. 18 Nov 2001. National Center of Educational Statistics. government. 18 Nov 2001. Office of National Drug Control Policy. government. April 2001. 18 Nov 2001. Pellegrin, Frank. "The Street This Week: Planes, Trains, Automobiles, Malls -- Or None of the Above?" Time 19 Nov 2001. 21 Nov 2001. Quiram, Jacquelyn, Mei Ling Rein, and Nancy Jacobs, eds. Education--Reflecting Our Society. Wylie: Information Plus, 1998. "Who are America's Drug Users?" org. 14 Nov 2001. 18 Nov 2001. Zill, Oriana and Lowell Bergman. "Do the Math: Why the Illegal Drug Business is Thriving." org. 14 Nov 2001. 18 Nov 2001.

Multinational Corporations Essay

Multinational corporations have existed since the beginning of overseas trade. They have remained a part of the business scene throughout history, entering their modern form in the 17th and 18th centuries with the creation of large, European-based monopolistic concerns such as the British East India Company during the age of colonization. Multinational concerns were viewed at that time as agents of civilization and played a pivotal role in the commercial and industrial development of Asia, South America, and Africa. By the end of the 19th century, advances in communications had more closely linked world markets, and multinational corporations retained their favorable image as instruments of improved global relations through commercial ties. The existence of close international trading relations did not prevent the outbreak of two world wars in the first half of the twentieth century, but an even more closely bound world economy emerged in the aftermath of the period of conflict. In more recent times, multinational corporations have grown in power and visibility, but have come to be viewed more ambivalently by both governments and consumers worldwide. Indeed, multinationals today are viewed with increased suspicion given their perceived lack of concern for the economic well-being of particular geographic regions and the public impression that multinationals are gaining power in relation to national government agencies, international trade federations and organizations, and local, national, and international labor organizations. Despite such concerns, multinational corporations appear poised to expand their power and influence as barriers to international trade continue to be removed. Furthermore, the actual nature and methods of multinationals are in large measure misunderstood by the public, and their long-term influence is likely to be less sinister than imagined. Multinational corporations share many common traits, including the methods they use to penetrate new markets, the manner in which their overseas subsidiaries are tied to their headquarters operations, and their interaction with national governmental agencies and national and international labor organizations. WHAT IS A MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION? As the name implies, a multinational corporation is a business concern with operations in more than one country. These operations outside the company’s home country may be linked to the parent by merger, operated as subsidiaries, or have considerable autonomy. Multinational corporations are sometimes perceived as large, utilitarian enterprises with little or no regard for the social and economic well-being of the countries in which they operate, but the reality of their situation is more complicated. There are over 40,000 multinational corporations currently operating in the global economy, in addition to approximately 250,000 overseas affiliates running cross-continental businesses. In 1995, the top 200 multinational corporations had combined sales of $7. 1 trillion, which is equivalent to 28. 3 percent of the world’s gross domestic product. The top multinational corporations are headquartered in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan; they have the capacity to shape global trade, production, and financial transactions. Multinational corporations are viewed by many as favoring their home operations when making difficult economic decisions, but this tendency is declining as companies are forced to respond to increasing global competition. The World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank are the three institutions that underwrite the basic rules and regulations of economic, monetary, and trade relations between countries. Many developing nations have loosened trade rules under pressure from the IMF and the World Bank. The domestic financial markets in these countries have not been developed and do not have appropriate laws in place to enable domestic financial institutions to stand up to foreign competition. The administrative setup, judicial systems, and law-enforcing agencies generally cannot guarantee the social discipline and political stability that are necessary in order to support a growth-friendly atmosphere. As a result, most multinational corporations are investing in certain geographic locations only. In the 1990s, most foreign investment was in high-income countries and a few geographic locations in the South like East Asia and Latin America. According to the World Bank’s 2002 World Development Indicators, there are 63 countries considered to be low-income countries. The share of these low-income countries in which foreign countries are making direct investments is very small; it rose from 0. 5 percent 1990 to only 1. 6 percent in 2000. Although foreign direct investment in developing countries rose considerably in the 1990s, not all developing countries benefited from these investments. Most of the foreign direct investment went to a very small number of lower and upper middle income developing countries in East Asia and Latin America. In these countries, the rate of economic growth is increasing and the number of people living at poverty level is falling. However, there are still nearly 140 developing countries that are showing very slow growth rates while the 24 richest, developed countries (plus another 10 to 12 newly industrialized countries) are benefiting from most of the economic growth and prosperity. Therefore, many people in the developing countries are still living in poverty. Similarly, multinational corporations are viewed as being exploitative of both their workers and the local environment, given their relative lack of association with any given locality. This criticism of multinationals is valid to a point, but it must be remembered that no corporation can successfully operate without regard to local social, labor, and environmental standards, and that multinationals in large measure do conform to local standards in these regards. Multinational corporations are also seen as acquiring too much political and economic power in the modern business environment. Indeed, corporations are able to influence public policy to some degree by threatening to move jobs overseas, but companies are often prevented from employing this tactic given the need for highly trained workers to produce many products. Such workers can seldom be found in low-wage countries. Furthermore, once they enter a market, multinationals are bound by the same constraints as domestically owned concerns, and find it difficult to abandon the infrastructure they produced to enter the market in the first place. The modern multinational corporation is not necessarily headquartered in a wealthy nation. Many countries that were recently classified as part of the developing world, including Brazil, Taiwan, Kuwait, and Venezuela, are now home to large multinational concerns. The days of corporate colonization seem to be nearing an end. Multinational corporations follow three general procedures when seeking to access new markets: merger with or direct acquisition of existing concerns; sequential market entry; and joint ventures. Merger or direct acquisition of existing companies in a new market is the most straightforward method of new market penetration employed by multinational corporations. Such an entry, known as foreign direct investment, allows multinationals, especially the larger ones, to take full advantage of their size and the economies of scale that this provides. The rash of mergers within the global automotive industries during the late 1990s are illustrative of this method of gaining access to new markets and, significantly, were made in response to increased global competition. Multinational corporations also make use of a procedure known as sequential market entry when seeking to penetrate a new market. Sequential market entry often also includes foreign direct investment, and involves the establishment or acquisition of concerns operating in niche markets related to the parent company’s product lines in the new country of operation. Japan’s Sony Corporation made use of sequential market entry in the United States, beginning with the establishment of a small television assembly plant in San Diego, California, in 1972. For the next two years, Sony’s U. S. operations remained confined to the manufacture of televisions, the parent company’s leading product line. Sony branched out in 1974 with the creation of a magnetic tape plant in Dothan, Alabama, and expanded further by opening an audio equipment plant in Delano, Pennsylvania, in 1977. After a period of consolidation brought on by an unfavorable exchange rate between the yen and dollar, Sony continued to expand and diversify its U. S. operations, adding facilities for the production of computer displays and data storage systems during the 1980s. In the 1990s, Sony further diversified it U. S. facilities and now also produces semiconductors and personal telecommunications products in the United States. Sony’s example is a classic case of a multinational using its core product line to defeat indigenous competition and lay the foundation for the sequential expansion of corporate activities into related areas. Finally, multinational corporations often access new markets by creating joint ventures with firms already operating in these markets. This has particularly been the case in countries formerly or presently under communist rule, including those of the former Soviet Union, eastern Europe, and the People’s Republic of China. In such joint ventures, the venture partner in the market to be entered retains considerable or even complete autonomy, while realizing the advantages of technology transfer and management and production expertise from the parent concern. The establishment of joint ventures has often proved awkward in the long run for multinational corporations, which are likely to find their venture partners are formidable competitors when a more direct penetration of the new market is attempted. Multinational corporations are thus able to penetrate new markets in a variety of ways, which allow existing concerns in the market to be accessed a varying degree of autonomy and control over operations. While no one doubts the economic success and pervasiveness of multinational corporations, their motives and actions have been called into question by social welfare, environmental protection, and labor organizations and government agencies worldwide. National and international labor unions have expressed concern that multinational corporations in economically developed countries can avoid labor negotiations by simply moving their jobs to developing countries where labor costs are markedly less. Labor organizations in developing countries face the converse of the same problem, as they are usually obliged to negotiate with the national subsidiary of the multinational corporation in their country, which is usually willing to negotiate contract terms only on the basis of domestic wage standards, which may be well below those in the parent company’s country. Offshore outsourcing, or offshoring, is a term used to describe the practice of using cheap foreign labor to manufacture goods or provide services only to sell them back into the domestic marketplace. Today, many Americans are concerned about the issue of whether American multinational companies will continue to export jobs to cheap overseas labor markets. In the fall of 2003, the University of California-Berkeley showed that as many as 14 million American jobs were potentially at risk over the next decade. In 2004, the United States faced a half-trillion-dollar trade deficit, with a surplus in services. Opponents of offshoring claim that it takes jobs away from Americans, while also increasing the imbalance of trade. When foreign companies set up operations in America, they usually sell the products manufactured in the U. S. to American consumers. However, when U. S. companies outsource jobs to cheap overseas labor markets, they usually sell the goods they produce to Americans, rather than to the consumers in the country in which they are made. In 2004, the states of Illinois and Tennessee passed legislation aimed at limiting offshoring; in 2005, another 16 states considered bills that would limit state aid and tax breaks to firms that outsource abroad. Insourcing, on the other hand, is a term used to describe the practice of foreign companies employing U. S. workers. Foreign automakers are among the largest insourcers. Many non-U. S. auto manufacturers have built plants in the United States, thus ensuring access to American consumers. Auto manufacturers such as Toyota now make approximately one third of its profits from U. S. car sales. Social welfare organizations are similarly concerned about the actions of multinationals, which are presumably less interested in social matters in countries in which they maintain subsidiary operations. Environmental protection agencies are equally concerned about the activities of multinationals, which often maintain environmentally hazardous operations in countries with minimal environmental protection statutes. Finally, government agencies fear the growing power of multinationals, which once again can use the threat of removing their operations from a country to secure favorable regulation and legislation. All of these concerns are valid, and abuses have undoubtedly occurred, but many forces are also at work to keep multinational corporations from wielding unlimited power over even their own operations. Increased consumer awareness of environmental and social issues and the impact of commercial activity on social welfare and environmental quality have greatly influenced the actions of all corporations in recent years, and this trend shows every sign of continuing. Multinational corporations are constrained from moving their operations into areas with excessively low labor costs given the relative lack of skilled laborers available for work in such areas. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the modern consumer to the plight of individuals in countries with repressive governments mitigates the removal of multinational business operations to areas where legal protection of workers is minimal. Examples of consumer reaction to unpopular action by multinationals are plentiful, and include the outcry against the use of sweatshop labor by Nike and activism against operations by the Shell Oil Company in Nigeria and PepsiCo in Myanmar (formerly Burma) due to the repressive nature of the governments in those countries. Multinational corporations are also constrained by consumer attitudes in environmental matters. Environmental disasters such as those which occurred in Bhopal, India (the explosion of an unsafe chemical plant operated by Union Carbide, resulting in great loss of life in surrounding areas) and Prince William Sound, Alaska (the rupture of a single-hulled tanker, the Exxon Valdez, causing an environmental catastrophe) led to ceaseless bad publicity for the corporations involved and continue to serve as a reminder of the long-term cost in consumer approval of ignoring environmental, labor, and safety concerns. Similarly, consumer awareness of global issues lessens the power of multinational corporations in their dealings with government agencies. International conventions of governments are also able to regulate the activities of multinational corporations without fear of economic reprisal, with examples including the 1987 Montreal Protocol limiting global production and use of chlorofluorocarbons and the 1989 Basel Convention regulating the treatment of and trade in chemical wastes. In fact, despite worries over the impact of multinational corporations in environmentally sensitive and economically developing areas, the corporate social performance of multinationals has been surprisingly favorable to date. The activities of multinational corporations encourage technology transfer from the developed to the developing world, and the wages paid to multinational employees in developing countries are generally above the national average. When the actions of multinationals do cause a loss of jobs in a given country, it is often the case that another multinational will move into the resulting vacuum, with little net loss of jobs in the long run. Subsidiaries of multinationals are also likely to adhere to the corporate standard of environmental protection even if this is more stringent than the regulations in place in their country of operation, and so in most cases create less pollution than similar indigenous industries.

Character Development- Outside essays

Character Development- Outside essays Choose and Discuss a Characters Development in In the book The Outsiders by S.E. Hilton, many changes occur in Ponyboy Curtis personality, appearance and his overall view of life. He starts as a smart Greaser but through the events with the Socs and Johnnys death, he learns that there are two sides to the war between the Greasers and the Socs and that life is precious. This paper will discuss and prove its point by showing you how Ponyboy starts off as, at the start of the book, what changes occur to him in chronological order and how it affects him and what he is like after all the events that happen to him. Ponyboy Curtis is a smart, intellectual 14 year old boy that has green eyes and long, light brown hair. He is a Greaser. Greaser is a term used to describe the middle class citizens who live on the East side of town and they usually have grease (hair-gel) in their hair (hence the name Greaser) and they usually have daggy clothes like leather jackets and jeans. Although Ponyboy dresses like a Greaser and acts like one when in the presence of his fellow gang members, he rarely thinks like one. Ponyboy is described as having a high IQ and getting good grades but not using his head. He is very absent minded and he often reflects on the situation to himself after something has happened. His intelligence is described in the first few pages when he talks about how he likes to get into movies and live them with the actor. He reflects on how nobody in our gang can understand books and films the way I do on the second page. This is true, as his fellow members of the gang are not as broad minded as he is and all they really think of is what the stereotypical Greaser would think of. For example, one member of the gang, Keith Two-Bit Mathews, thinks that life is a joke and all he is described as liking is shop-lifting, fights, blondes and school (just for fun). Ponyboy is a lot deeper than that...

Value of Wild Animal Fur Sociology Essay

Value of Wild Animal Fur Sociology Essay Value of Wild Animal Fur Sociology Essay Example Value of Wild Animal Fur Sociology Essay Example Several million years ago, when the primitive people lived, primordial humans killed animals to survive and warm with the help of their skins. Then, it was justified by a wild way of life and severe climate in which they could have died. In todays world, the use of leather and the fur production cause a negative reaction among environmentalists. Wild Animal Fur Should Not Be Valued In many aspects, they are right. The huge demand for natural beautiful fur leads to disappearance of many species of animals. That is why artificial fur is increasingly gaining popularity. Moreover, the production of fur clothing contributes to extensive poaching as rare and endangered species of animals are killed because of their skins and fur for sale and profit. In addition, animals are slain with special cruelty. Tragically, some of the animals are killed with the use of poisons and electricity in order not to damage the fur. It is also absolutely immoral to practice stripping of skins from live animals. Buying fur products, people often do not think about torments of animals shedding their blood for the sake of fashion. Despite the high value of animal fur as a symbol of beauty, warmness, and wealth, it should not be valued as its use reduces the wild animal species and contributes to the cruelty and violence toward the latter. History of Fur Use Fur is perhaps the oldest clothes in the history of mankind. Animal skins were worn by primitive people living on the European continent thousands years ago. In Ancient Greece and Rome, fur had no popularity. On the territory of these countries, it first came into use only after the conquest of Europe by the barbarians. In the Middle Ages, fur was worn only by the nobles and the rich people. The most expensive was minever and marten. The start of common fur fashion was in the 16th century. It was the time of trade, which made fur one of the most precious materials, along with spices and gold. However, it was worn by men only. In the 19th century, fur became an indicator not only of social status but also of age. It was meticulously chosen and worn on special occasions only. In the 20th century, fur became the object of interest in design. In the early 1900s, Jeanne Paquin and Paul Poiret began to include fur outer clothing in their collection. Fur boom was caused by the development of production of the first car. In these machines, the top was open, and warm clothing was necessary for the movement. The popularity of fur did not disappear until the Great Depression. Movement against Fur In 1980, the first organization in the history of mankind was founded to fight for the rights of animals in the United States (All about PETA). It was called People for Ethical Treatment to Animals (PETA). Since its inception, PETA has been famous by its loud advertising campaign with nude stars and models under the slogan that it was better to go naked than wear fur. In 1980s, fur felt into disgrace, which had an enormous scale: the rejection of animal cruelty was promoted on television, radio, and in lectures at universities, books and films (All about PETA). More famous people were getting connected to the anti-fur movement. This situation significantly boosted the production of artificial fur. It began to reach the popularity level of natural fur. This trend against the human desire and for the conscious consumption, promoting the infliction of the least possible damage to nature, is continuing today. Arguments against the Use of Natural Fur One of the main reasons not to wear fur is animal suffering. Any animal is exposed to severe conditions and dreadful death. Buying products that are made of natural fur and leather contributes to the brutal killing of other animals that have the same right to life as people. In most areas of the planet, one can easily live without fur coats. There are many other warm materials, down clothing, woven or knitted woolen clothing. Leather jackets and coats are heavy and bad-smelling. Today, millions of animals are killed for their skins (Linzey, 2002). There is an ethical issue of using astrakhan and cramps. This is a generally abhorrent practice to interrupt the pregnancy of animals, and both the mother and the baby are killed in order to get baby’s fur that has not been completely formed. On fur farms, such animals as sables, foxes, raccoons, and even bobcats are grown. Their stay is associated with large implications to health. The cells are close; animals are deprived of the opportunity to exercise their instincts; and many go crazy from stress, pain, and disgusting food, beginning to chew their limbs (Linzey, 2002). Animals in captivity are characterized by particular neurotic behavior, including the throwing from side to side, circling, and self-mutilation (Broom Nimon, 2001, p.241). The animals are constantly beating on the cell walls, causing themselves physical pain. Foxes in cages often resort to cannibalism. Broom and Nimon (2001) found that foxes in fur farms were characterized by a high level of fear and suffered from problems with reproduction functions (242). Although some animals die from diseases, stress, and self-mutilation, a sufficient number survives for slaughter and subsequently brings huge profits to its owners. On fur farms, there are aquatic animals that have no access to water in the conditions of the farms. Mason et.al. (2008) studied the conditions of minks at fur farms. He emphasized that these animals released the stress hormone when they were prevented from swimming (36). Moreover, there is a horrible method of obtaining astrakhan and karakulcha. Karakul is a skin of newborn lambs (2-3 days after birth). Karakulcha is a skin of prematurely ‘born’ lamb. The breeders simply cut the pregnant sheep and take lambs out of it. To r eceive the fur of karakul, an incision is made at the head of the live lamb, and then it is shaken out from the skin. Apart from fur farms, a practice of placing traps is still used (Linzey, 2002). Having stuck in a trap, the animal suffers waiting for its killer (hunter). The beavers, muskrats, raccoons, opossums, skunks, foxes are the main targets for hunters. In many countries, hunters are also obliged to mark their traps with information about a specific hunter and recommend checking their traps every day, but even a short period of time will seem like an eternity for the animal due to unbearable pain. Some animals even bite off their own limbs in order to save lives. Several states in the United States and many other countries imposed ban on the traps, which are known for the cruelty. However, hunters can easily evade the ban by other no less barbaric types of traps. If a hunter finds a captured animal still alive, it is usually beaten to death. Shooting is not accepted as, in this case, the hunter would risk damaging the skin. Therefore, buying fur and leather products, people are sponsoring t he killing of animals, causing heavy damage to the outside world. Moreover, the prisoners of traps are often unintended victims: birds, porcupines, deer, cats, dogs, and other animals that become maimed or killed. It is a commonplace that animals that are listed in the list of endangered species are killed in these cruel traps. Also, there is a danger of children’s getting into the trap. A few years ago, Canadian fishermen killed hundreds of thousands of harp seal pups in front of their mothers. Therefore, the Canadian government reduced the number of seals that were permitted to be slaughtered, decreasing the quota to 400,000 heads in 2012 (Myth and facts about Canada’s seal slaughter, n.d.). The process of slaughtering turned into an annual show, which caused a massive hype and hostility on the part of animal rights organizations and the media, trying to document the carnage. The Canadian government and the sealers try to block access to the area where the massacre is performed in order to avoid publicity. In 1987, the Canadian government was forced to pass a law that authorized the killing of seals just over two weeks. They are considered adults, even though they are so small that they are not able to swim and cannot be saved. In 2001, veterinarians who inspected the skull of seals came to the conclusion that â€Å"more than 40% of the seals were still con scious and were alive when they were skinned† (Myth and facts about Canada’s seal slaughter, n.d.). Fur is not the only material for sewing warm clothing. Today, there are warm synthetic materials. The preparation of fur also contributes to the pollution of the environment. Many chemicals (paints based on cyanide, formaldehyde, and others) are used during the fur handling. This certainly makes it serve longer, preserving the color, lightness, softness, and luxurious curvy shape. However, it affects person not in the best way. Often, chromium, which can lead to allergies, is used for processing fur. Another argument against fur is energy which is transferred to the owner of fur. Often, animals die slowly and suffer before death. When the animals feel fear and suffer, they release adrenaline that enters the bloodstream and is absorbed into the skin; so, the information of fear can be transmitted to a man and manifested in excessive anxiety and even neurosis. Advantages of Artificial Fur Today, few people doubt the fact that the fur can be easily replaceable. There are plenty of alternative technologies. If a lot of fur clothes in the wardrobe are made of artificial fur, a man can wear them with a clear conscience. The products that are made of such fur are a relatively budgetary purchase, which many people can afford. Low price is based on the fact that the use of synthetic fibers is less expensive to manufacture. Consequently, the price of artificial fur is much cheaper than of the natural one. Today, the production of eco-fur reached a high level and is in no way inferior to the production technologies of things that are made of natural fur. Products retain the novelty for a long time, are beautiful and shiny, easy to clean, and do not require special storage conditions. Things of faux fur look great in any color and authentically like natural fur. Meanwhile, the colored natural fur loses a lot of quality, which has a negative impact on its appearance. Certainly, there are several disadvantages of artificial fur. It is made of acrylic and polyacrylic polymers, which contain petroleum, coal, and limestone. Certainly, faux fur has reduced frost resistance. However, today, designers and scientists are still working, trying to improve the quality of ‘ethical’ fur. Externally, natural and artificial fur is almost impossible to distinguish, but the natural one is softer and more pleasant to the touch. Nevertheless, the advantages of natural fur in comparison with the artificial one have no significance as its use has serious consequences to the environment. Therefore, it is important to provide essential reforms to change the attitude to animals. People should revalue the life of animals and the desire to wear fashionable clothes. There are many compelling reasons to not use fur. Its wearing really cannot be justified, unless a person lives in a country with an extremely cold climate and fur is the only thing that can keep warm. The fur industry is terribly cruel causing a lot of suffering. Its purpose is to satisfy human vanity. Fur has become a symbol of luxury rather than a means to protect against the cold. People use coats and faux fur coats to keep warm. These products are also characterized by beauty and elegance. As fur clothes are made due to animals’ suffering, violence, and cruelty, it is important to recognize the harm of its production to the environment as well as change the attitude and perception of its value. The use of fur in the 21st century, the century of nanotechnology, space flights, and other breakthroughs, is considered simply illegal. People of the 21st century should seek to humanity rather than the perverted sadism. People must move away from the murder of animals as a source of luxury and find more civilized and acceptable methods.

Improving Communication Between Healthcare Providers and Patients Research Paper

Improving Communication Between Healthcare Providers and Patients - Research Paper Example e what they need to treat patients, but they must share pertinent information to make sure they are treating patients safely while also keeping them adequately aware of the realities. Verbal reports of the patients are extremely important for the care providers to know the acute details of the problems encountered and to scrutinize them later. Many times, when a patient is under huge mental pressure owing to deplorable physical condition and his/her relatives are unavailable to talk to, many fine points go unnoticed and absolutely ignored. Motivational interviewing is an important tool for that purpose and worth mentioning here that is a relatively simple, transparent and supportive talk therapy based on the principles of cognitive–behavior therapy. (Bundy, 2004, p. 43). This technique is designed to talk patients into changing their conservative approached towards new therapies and convince them to cooperate in better terms for optimal prevention of a disease. For the correct application of handoff system, a standardized approach needs to be observed, as identified by Ellingson. She says that by creating a transfer communication form aided by trip-tickets, which are basically assessment charts that verify if the patient is ok with the treatment, communication can be readily improved. The toolkit of handoffs and transitions is basically focused on enhancing communication between caregivers and patients. Many strategies for improving communication through handoff system are daily envisaged but the one identified by Ellingson covers physical as well as psycho-social issues noted by staff as necessary to satisfactorily take care of patients. (Torner, 2008). According to the Interpersonal Communication (IPC) toolkit identified in Aidsmark.org (n.d), one of the main strategies formulated for interpersonal communication programmes is the deep analysis of the social, economical, cultural and geographic factors related to different patients. The P Process program

History 9UT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History 9UT - Essay Example However, this role did not last long. Their new roles were quickly snatched away from them once the war ended in 1945. The men who went to fight the war and survived were given back their old jobs and the women sent home packing. The social revolution was, therefore, rendered temporary since the women were subjected to their former roles as housewives as the men took up their jobs. During the social revolution period that took place in 1942, women were still subjected to discrimination at their places of work. The men at the work place never fully accepted them as their equals at the work place, and thus subjected them to different forms of discrimination such as sabotaging their jobs. Even after the social revolution, women continue to face discrimination in their roles in society. Though they may be able to gain form employment, back at home they are expected to perform their housewife duties as expected. This practice is still common to this date, and it is for such reasons that clarify why the document does not conflict reality in any way. Military; before the executive order given by President Roosevelt in 1941, recruitment into the American defense forces was exclusive to the white community. The white community was given preference in recruitment and promotion in the military, an opportunity which equally deserving and qualified African Americans were denied. It is for such reason that the protest march was organized by the African American community, to air their grievances on the same. Lynching; African Americans were not granted justice through the judicial systems in place before events in 1942. They were subjected to acts of lynching mostly by the white community whenever they committed an offence. Others were simply lynched because of their skin color if they were spotted in purely white neighborhoods. Such barbaric acts of injustices were part of Randolph’s argument for supporting the march. They demanded proper